Problems and Prospects of the Chongming Dontan Ramsar Site

Name: Su Zhelong UtasNum: 144362 SOUNum: 0991340 Word Count: 1846 KGA 378 Long Essay: Pressures, Problems and Prospects of the Chongming Dontan Ramsar Site I. Introduction From the pre-industrial period to post-industrial period, the problems caused by environment deterioration always come with the great economic growth and significant technical promotion. To equilibrate social development and environmental health puzzles people all over the world at present while poverty still affect one fifth of human population after the population explosion and accelerating urbanization.The contradiction typically occurs in the coastal zones, which are under the pressure from population growth, pollution, over-exploitation of resources and habitat degradation due to these areas hold approximately half of the world’s population. In China, the whole country is fueled by â€Å"powerful social and economic forces† that are â€Å"promoting individual development and land reclamationâ₠¬  (Yang, 1999; Yang et al. , 2001 cited in Zhao et al. , 2004). This author focused on the Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site as a case to discuss its pressures, problems and prospects in the development dilemma of the changing world.Chongming Island is the third largest island in China(1200km2) and the largest alluvial island in the world that located in north of Shanghai city. As a migratory staging and wintering site for millions of birds and spawning and feeding grounds for 63 species of fish, Chongming Dongtan provides important ecological services with its extraordinary resources. (Zhao et al. , 2004) The essay used SWOT analysis process to evaluate the ecological situation of Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site, therefore, the article discussed this issue from four main aspects: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.II. SWOT Analysis: Strengths The strengths of Chongming Dongtan Ramsar site can be concluded as three respects: geographic advantages, abundant resources and bi ological diversity. Firstly, the Chongming Dongtan is the most large-scaled and well-developed tidal wetland and the mouth of the river. It is located in the easternmost Chongming Island that formed by the sediment accumulation from the runoff of Yangzi River. Moreover, the Dongtan is still increasing in size by about 500 ha annually to the East Ocean through the deposition of sand. (Zhao et al. 2004) This position, the coastal area in the center of Yangzi Delta, is the midpoint along the only way that must be passed of migratory birds in Pacific Asia that many birds stop here to take rest and food when they pass by in spring and summer. Besides, it is also a wintering site for millions of birds because of its moderate climate (Shi et al. , 2001). Secondly, the extensive tidal-flat area and hierarchical distribution make the Dongtan rich in both inorganic and organic resources. The luxuriant aquatic plant and massive plankton provide adequate food for birds and reptiles.As a habitat , especially in winter, the widely flourishingly growing reed is very suitable to perch and hatch for birds. Lastly, the Dongtan site has amazing biological diversity that 63 species of fish including the rare animal which is on the verge of extinction – Chinese sturgeon and 108 species of migratory birds. The total number of the birds aggregates three million which is the tenth of China and quarter of Shanghai area. III. SWOT Analysis: Weaknesses Since 1960s the Chinese, both government and civilians, started to exploit the Chongming Island, the total annual ecosystem service values in Dongtan keep declining until today.Especially after the reform and open, the fast industrialization and economic development accelerate the environmental degradation in Dongtan. Just between 1990 and 2000, the total ecosystem service values had reduced 62%, which was largerly attributable to the 71% loss of wetlands and tidal flats. (Zhao et al. , 2004) According to relative research, the main reasons, also the weakness, of Dongtan are mostly from two aspects: the depletion caused by overdevelopment and inning and the water discharge pollution. From 1964 to 2001, there were more than 20 times of inning activity that occupied over 14198. hm. The inning activities becomes increasingly frequent and large-scaled that result in the wetlands/tidal flats shrunk from 12,432 ha in 1990 to 7915ha in 1997, and 3856 ha in 2000. In contrast, the orchard /plant nursery had increased from 80 ha in 1990 to 3863 ha in 2000. (Zhao et al. , 2004) The detailed situation of land structure changes had been listed in the following tables: Tables from Zhao B. , Kreuter U. , Li B. , Ma Z. , Chen J. & Nakagoshi N. , 2004, An Ecosystem Service Value Assessment of Land-use Change on Chongming Island, China, Land Use Policy, Volume 21, pages 139-148.In addition, the reed regions area fell off from 2039. 78 hm to 810. 17 hm and the salt marsh area decreased from 539. 27 hm to 391. 43 hm. Influenced b y the changes, many birds are forced to leave the original habitat so that the total number of birds dropped with the tidal reduction. These irrational distributions of land use broke up the ecosystem balance and caused high rate of environmental services loss that will bring serious negative ecological consequences in long term. The shortsighted activities will finally limit the development of the area and lead to economically costly outcomes.The other weakness of Dongtan site is the water quality degradation because of the sewage discharge. There are 16 township enterprises use 166. 67 tidal lands to initiate ship dismantlement factories, which produced serious water pollution with waste oil and Toxic chemical substances that make the large-area reed withered or dead. Particularly in the combined concentrated sewage discharge outlets, the water quality of both the intertidal and offshore was polluted by the heavy metal contamination and organic pollution (PAHs and LABs). Shi et al . , 2001) from almost three million m3 sewage per day is discharged to the coastal zone water body. Compared with the industrial centralized sewage discharge, the non-point pollution from urban runoff, agriculture and aquaculture contributes much more significant percentage of the total pollution. Despite these two factors, poaching activities and wetland grazing also wreck the environmental heath of Dongtan site in different degrees. IV. SWOT Analysis: OpportunitiesIn 1992, the Chongming Dongtan had been put in the Chinese Protected Wetland Dictionary while it was brought into The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance and other international important wetland lists. The Dongtan sites undertake the functions of environmental damage resisting, environment purifying and maintain the biological diversity. Due to its great meaning for sustainable development of multiple regions, the Shanghai City made decisions of constructing Chongming Island into the largest ecolog ical island in China.The Chongming Dongtan Wetland Nature Protection Area, Chongming Dongtan Migratory Birds Nature Protection Area of Shanghai and Chongming Dongtan Wetland Park had been established in succession. The foundation of these protection areas will effectively retard the environmental degradation in Dongtan site and promote the environmental quality through policy and integrated management. At the same time, in order to lighten the pressure of exploit on the wetland, the government has built a convenient communication network to stimulate the tourist industry and economic growth.The overall plan of Dongtan transport system development has four parts: * Freeway traffic: the G40 line, important part of national highway network that connects East China and North China, will cross the Chongming Island through Shanghai Yangzi River Tunnel; * Rail transit: the subway 9th line will reach the Chengjia Town in Chongming Island across the Yangzi River; * Water traffic: dork constr uction along the south band of the Yangzi River; * Air traffic: the parking apron for helicopter in the International Forum Island, which is in the south of Dongtan Avenue, has been built already.To deal with the water pollution from sewage discharge, the Chongming ecological construction plan states that the wetland sewage treatment project is under building. This project aims to concentrate both industrial and sanitary sewage to purge before discharge to improve the water quality of the area. Three of the 9 programmed sewage disposal works had been accomplished and come into service. The total sewage treatment system includes sewage collection network, preprocessing system and artificial wetland processing system. The treated water can be directly discharge into the farmland or irrigate plants.This sewage treatment system can handle 6 million tons of water per day that is the biggest sewage disposal work in Chongming Island. V. SWOT Analysis: Threats The last section is to analysi s the potential problems or threats to the future development of the Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site. As the arguer had mentioned before, the Chongming Dongtan is formed by the sand sedimentation from the water flow of the Yangzi River. Thus the area of the wetland/tidal flats still keeps increasing because the sedimentation process continues to bring solid matter.However, the water conservancy construction in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, like the Three Gorges Hydropower Station and . projects to divert water from the south to the north, substantially diminishes the sediment charge of the current while the water flow does not change. Less sediment concentration slows down the speed of wetland and tidal flats increasing. Corresponding, affected by the storm surge, many coastal areas have been widespread eroded. The problem will become more and more serious if no measures are taken.Every year, thousands of fishing vessels gather from different provinces to Chongming Dongtan t o fish for eels. The massive fishery activity invades and occupies the habitat of birds and brings significant pollution like noise of motor and engine oil. The geese and ducks overwintering has been serious disturbed that they could not foraging and perch safely and peacefully. The frail ecosystem that is lack of unified management has been wantonly destroyed from the immoderate seining. (Yin, Jiang & Li, 2008)In addition, the local plants like scirpus mariqueter and reed provide necessary food and habitat for migratory birds. Notwithstanding, the invasive alien species like spartina is growing in extreme abundance and snatching resources from local plants while these invasive alien species cannot take place of the local plants’ functions. (Yuan et al. , 2003) Therefore, if the reed has be instead of the invasive alien species, the species and quantity of the bird will sharply decrease thus the environmental services of tidal flats are not functioning properly.VI. Conclusion In conclusion, after the SWOT analysis of the Chongming Dongtan Ramsar Site, the author had summarized the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The pressures of the Dongtan mostly come from over exploit, resource depletion and human-made pollution from many aspects especially the sewage discharge. The reduction of wetlands/tidal flats caused by enclose tideland for cultivation and less sediment concentration in water flow of Yangzi River and immoderate seining are the major problems for the protection area.However, a number of measures taken by the government of Shanghai City, for instance, the foundation of three natural protection areas, integrated high speed communication network and sewage treatment works, will make remarkable difference to the present situation. The author considered the poor management of Dongtan site as the primary restriction to limit its development. Thus, applying the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) will be a proper solution to deve lop and protect the Dongtan and its resources.By uniforming a common objective of national and local authorities, the ICZM will promote the way of coastal area using and balance the demands from natural, economic, cultural and social needs. (Shi et al. , 2001) VII. Reference O? Connell M. , 2000. , Threats to Waterbirds and Wetlands: Implications for Conservation, Inventory and Research, Wildfowl, Volume 51, pages 1-15. Shi C. , Hutchinson S. M. , Yu L. & Xu S. , 2001, Towards a Sustainable Coast: An Integrated Coastal Zone Management Framework for Shanghai, People? Republic of China, Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 44, pages 411-427. Tian B. , Zhang L. , Wang X. , Zhou Y. & Zhang W. , 2010, Forecasting the effects of sea-level rise at Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve in the Yangtze Delta, Shanghai, China, Available at: http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0925857410001709 [Access at May 15th 2012] Yin H. , Jiang W. & Li J. , 2008, Simulation of Non-Point Pollutant s Evolution in Coastal Plain Island-A Case Study of Chongming Island, Available at: http://www. sciencedirect. om/science/article/pii/S1001605808600530 [Access at May 15th 2012] Yuan W. , James P. , Hodgson K. , Hutchinson S. M. & Shi C. , 2003, Development of sustainability indicators by communities in China: a case study of Chongming County, Shanghai, Available at: http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S030147970300063X [Access at May 15th 2012] Zhao B. , Kreuter U. , Li B. , Ma Z. , Chen J. & Nakagoshi N. , 2004, An Ecosystem Service Value Assessment of Land-use Change on Chongming Island, China, Land Use Policy, Volume 21, pages 139-148.

Advanced Level Diploma in Diabetes Essay

INTRODUCTION Together with an identified fellow student a written patient education report regarding a planned diabetes group education is to be completed and presented during a seminar. A suggestion is to study the text book: The Art of Empowerment by Anderson & Funnell (2005). Diabetes group education In UAE diabetes self-management education has been highlighted as a cornerstone in diabetes care (Al-Maskari et al 2013). In order to get patients to manage their diabetes it is needed to arrange possibilities for special diabetes group education sessions for persons with diabetes. Many patients in UAE might have poor metabolic control and they have poor knowledge regarding why. Furthermore many people need to increase their ability to perform life style changes (Alhyas et al 2013). The traditional diabetes education was based upon telling patients what to do. However, the more was learnt about diabetes education the focus has turned more to the patients ´ views of living with diabetes (Anderson & Funnell 2005). Considerations when arranging group sessions for persons with diabetes: Theoretical educational approach – your own pedagogical view and ability; in this circumstances you must have the nosogogic perspective (an adult person with a chronic disease). Setting, time, day of the week Budget, cost, payment, and fees Who and number of participants in each group How often the group meets and where How you start a group session How you interact/communicate with group members Any learning aids to use How you put/initiate questions in the group How you evaluate the different sessions How you work with and approach group discussions What you do to get all patients involved in the sessions Assessment Altogether the report should consist of approximately 6– 8 pages (not including the first page and the reference list). Your proposed group education plan will be presented and discussed with your peers during the tutorial session. After the tutorial session each plan will get written feed-back from the examiner. Grounds for assessment by examiners will be presented and published on ITSL. C2 – Assignment 3 Group education plan/BS/AMW/18 August, 2014 Page 2 REFERENCES Al-Maskari F, El-Sadig M, Al-Kaabi J et al. (2013). Knowledge, attitude and practices of diabetic patients in the United Arab Emirates. PLOS One Vol 8, 1p 1-8. Alhyas L, Jones Nielsen J D. Dawoud D and Majeed A. (2013). Factors affecting the motivation of healthcare professionals providing care to Emiratis with type 2 diabetes. J the Royal Society of Medicine. Doi: 10.1177/2042533313476419. Anderson B & Funnell M. (2005). The art of empowerment. Stories and strategies for diabetes educators. ADA- American Diabetes Association. Hornsten A, Stenlund H, Lundman B et al. (2008). Improvements in HbA1c remain after 5 years – a follow-up of an educational intervention focusing on patient ´s personal understandings of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 81 (1), p50-55. Juul L, Maindal HT, Zoffmann V, Frydenberg M, Sandbaeck A. (2011). A cluster randomized pragmatic trial applying self-determination theory to type 2 diabetes care in general practice. BMC Fam Pract Nov 24, 12:130. Wikblad K, Leksell J, Smide B. (2004). â€Å"I’m the boss’: testing the feasibility of an evidence-based patient education programme using problem-based learning. European Diabetes Nursing, Vol 1 (1) p 13-17.

Addiction Is a Disease

Many people believe the misconception that an addiction is a moral problem and not a disease. To better understand the reasons why an additicition is in fact a disease; I will identify several types of addictions, and the problems associated with them. I will examine reasons why certain people are more susceptible for developing an addiction. Also, I will determine why many addicts deny their problems and many recovery methods addicts use to fight their illness. Researching these issues, will help aid my claim that addiction is a disease. Addictions can form from using mood altering drugs such as, nicotine, alcohol, cocaine and caffeine, or behavioral processes as with gambling, eating, sex or shopping (Schwartz 21). Schwartz defines â€Å"An addiction, as is any process over which people are powerless, which leads them into behavior inconsistent with personal values, and which they are unwilling to give up, often at the expense of work, relationships or family. †(21) Behavioral processes, such as gambling, provide the brain with a sense of gratification, while ignoring the resulting consequences (Henderson 154). Psychologists compared the conditioning effects produced by a slot machine with similar conditioning experiments on animals. A slot machine may dispense a reward at unexpected times but a person will continue to use the machine even though a reward is not guaranteed. Animals that performed certain behaviors were given a reward at unforeseen intervals. Although, they were not always given a reward they continued the behavior in the lure of possibly receiving a reward. This test demonstrates that a specific behavioral response can be instilled into the brain, regardless of the subsequent outcome. Activities like gambling arouse the pleasure center of the brain by releasing dopamine (Friedman 29). Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain that recognizes feelings of pleasure. The abundance of dopamine results in an over stimulation to the pleasure center of the brain, producing a euphoric effect and reinforces addicts to repeat the behavior. Cocaine, which is a stimulant, has been closely compared to gambling. It also stimulates the pleasure center of the brain. Without that stimulation, the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine are similar to those associated with gambling (Henderson 57). Cocaine and other mood altering drugs can release much more dopamine than natural experiences create (Friedman 169). When your mind indulges in a reward, it is not concerned whether it originates from a substance or an experience. Occasional use of drugs, alcohol and indulgent behaviors does not necessarily lead to addiction. It is important to understand underlying factors that may contribute to addiction. Psychiatric disorders, social factors and agent factors are just a few contributors to developing addictions (Henderson 122). Psychiatric disorders often coincide with addiction, which is often referred to as a â€Å"dual diagnosis†. Individuals with a psychiatric disorder such as depression or anxiety may be more prone to developing addiction problems. A survey referred to as Epidemiological Catchment Area or EPA was conducted to examine psychiatric disorders and how it correlates to addiction problems (Henderson 136). Households from several varying geographical locations participated and the results indicated individuals with psychiatric disorders were more likely to develop an addiction. Many addicts claim their addiction was the result of trying to self-medicate a psychiatric disorder. It is often difficult to determine if the psychiatric symptoms were present before the chemical addiction (Thombs 230). Results from the EPA study also concluded that a person with a substance addiction is at a higher risk of developing a psychiatric disorder (Henderson). Many people use alcohol or substances in social situations. Some individuals believe the use of a substance, such as alcohol, may sometimes improve social bonds (Coombs 232). They feel that being able to share the â€Å"intoxicated feeling† with someone else helps make communication easier. The difference between recreational use and addiction occurs when people need alcohol/drugs in order to socialize (Henderson 24). The addict may associate the substance with positive social experiences, â€Å"I finally felt like I could fit in and socialize. † (24) Another contributor to developing addiction is the agent factors; this is the likelihood that a particular substance will be abused. Some substances are less likely to be abused, and may not be as addictive as others. Agent factors also take into consideration how the substance enters the body (Henderson 19). For example, if a substance is taken orally, the drug is usually less addictive than a drug that is injected into the vein. An inhaled substance can be more addictive than both oral and injected forms. The chosen method of use pertains to how quickly a drug reaches the brain. An inhaled substance can reach the brain in seconds, where as an injected substance will travel around the bloodstream, taking a much longer time to reach the brain. When we look at these three factors, psychiatric, social and agent, we discover that a person’s morality is not the reason individuals are becoming addicted. The underlying factors that lead to addictions are much more complex. â€Å"Denial is a psychological defense mechanism that is found almost universally in people with addiction† (Henderson 2). Many addicts ignore detrimental consequences in order to continue using substances, or remain engaged in addictive behavioral processes. An addict may often not be able to admit they have problems, even to themselves (Berman and Siegel 57). Even when an addict is confronted by others about their addiction, the addict still fails to recognize their problem. Often an addiction may cause a person to blame their problems on someone else in an effort to divert attention away from their addiction. Custer and Milt demonstrate the power of denial by using the example of a smoker’s attitude towards smoking (123). A smoker is aware of the damaging effects of smoking and that it can cause heart disease, lung cancer and other severe health conditions. Research provides a vast amount of conclusive evidence supporting the negative consequences of smoking. A smoker’s addiction can be so strong that they choose to ignore the reality that they are exposing themselves to harmful conditions that could result in illness or death. They decide to ignore the research composed of the undisputable adverse consequences of smoking and tune out all negative information pertaining to smoking. They come up with an array of explanations as to why they should not quit smoking. Since denial is a defense mechanism imbedded in the brain, it is often difficult to admit that there is a problem. Helping addicts acknowledge their addiction is often difficult. There are several recovery methods that can be used to help overcome addiction. A few things that can help in the recovery process are medication, treatment centers, and support groups. Depending on the specific addiction, a variety of medications can be used to help alleviate withdrawal symptoms. After the initial detoxification, anxiety or depression may persist, and an antidepressant may be prescribed to treat these symptoms (Henderson 121). Frequently, non habit forming medications such as Prozac, Tofranil or Perakote may be given to soothe the recovering addict. Medications can be used to prevent relapses, to block opiate/nicotine receptors and can help the recovery process. Treatment centers can be beneficial in several aspects. They can provide medical and psychiatric assistance. Also, they can provide a structured plan for recovery with strict guidelines. Treatment centers can introduce an addict to the twelve step program, aid in preventing relapse, and can act as a gateway to support groups. Although many people may believe addiction is a moral problem the research presented in this paper disputes that argument. Instead it most commonly is a disease that originates from psychiatric disorders, social factors and agent factors. Addiction is a disease like any other disease. Although it is not always possible to predict who the disease will affect, there are shared factors that make certain people more susceptible to the disease.

Natural Gas and Oil Horizontal Drilling Technology Thesis

Natural Gas and Oil Horizontal Drilling Technology - Thesis Example As the discussion declares the increased popularity of horizontal drilling led to substantive growths in the achievable length of horizontal boreholes. Currently, horizontal displacements can extend to more than 8,000 feet. On the other hand, technicians have been unable to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of horizontal drilling and wells used in the production of natural gas, although several horizontal wells have previously been used in the production of coal seam gas. According to the report findings an accepted description of what constitutes horizontal drilling has not been written. However, the following is a notable definition that combines the vital components of two noteworthy published definitions: horizontal drilling refers to a process of drilling and implementing, for the purpose of production, a well, which starts as a vertical linear bore, which extends from the earth surface to a sub layer location above the oil or gas reservoir. This target is referred to as the kickoff point, and the extension bears off a curve to traverse the reservoir at the well’s entry point. Thereafter, the arch continues at an almost horizontal attitude tangent to the curve to remain in the reservoir partially or wholly till the required bottom hole location is attained. The mechanical purpose of horizontal drilling is to uncover significantly additional reservoir rocks to a well bore surface than attainable through drilling traditional vertical wells.

How the Spanish Civil war became a literal and symbolic instance of Essay

How the Spanish Civil war became a literal and symbolic instance of the growing worldwide struggle between fascism and democracy - Essay Example Six and a half decades later, the topic still generates debate. The terror began on July 17, 1936 in Spanish Morocco and on the mainland on July 18 by a military coup. Right-winged officers revolted against the democratically elected government of the Second Republic (formed April 1931) and its social reforms. The article stated that the rebels (Nationalists) were supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, and under Franco’s regime faced strong resistance from the Republican working class and peasantry and from anti-fascist volunteers around the world. The Imperial War Museum further stated that the war ended on the 31st of March 1939 with victory going towards Franco. Franco’s victory saw the establishment of a third pro-fascist power on France’s borders and power in favour of Germany’s third Reich. The rebels (Nationalists) consisted of army, navy and civilian militias from the fascist Falange and from dissident monarchists and catholic organizations. These rebels were financially supported by wealthy landowners, industrialists and bankers, whose interest they defended against the reforming plans of the Republic. The largest group consisted of those ordinary Spanish Catholics who supported the Nationalists as the defenders of religion, law and order. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ This paper further defines the Spanish Civil War, however extensive emphasis is placed on the literal and symbolic instance the war has on the growing global struggle of fascism and democracy. The Spanish Civil War (la Guerra Civil de Espana) Spanish Talk reported that Spain had a Monarchist government in 1923 with General Primo de Rivera as dictator and Alfonso XIII as King. Rivera’s decisive resignation and flight from Spain came when he started to face growing opposition to his government. The Monarchist government was rejected in 1931, in the popular elections which also caused the renunciation of Alfonso XIII. Spain became a republic for the second time, bu t began to suffer a great deal of political violence as extensive discussions by Splinter groups about the extent and speed of the political unrest took place. A federation was formed by the left-winged parties to bring some amount of social reform. While at the other end of the political continuum, conservative groups threatened this federation and over the years leading up to 1936, Spain experienced some polarized political views. By the time of the 1936 elections, the popular front party had successfully unified various splinter groups in order to elevate their chances of winning at the polls. However, on July 18, 1936, an army revolt started and the Spanish Civil War began. The Spanish Civil War of 1936 could be seen as a literal and symbolic instance of the growing worldwide struggle between fascism and democracy. The Spanish Civil War is the most important fact in the revolutionary march of the Spanish people. It is no longer seen as an old style democratic –bourgeois r evolution but instead as belonging to the era of the proletarian revolution initiated by the October revolution in Russia. It aroused the revolutionary conscience of the Spanish people to unimaginable heights and became an example for the whole world. (Ediciones Vanguardia Obrera, 1969, Madrid, paragraph 1). A web article entitled â€Å"Lessons from our National Revolutionary War against Fascism 1936-1969† by Communist Party Member Ediciones Vanguardia Obrera and translated in English-stated that the victory of fascism in Spain has temporarily blocked the march to socialism. The article stated

HISTORY AND THEORY OF NEW MEDIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HISTORY AND THEORY OF NEW MEDIA - Essay Example orking at this famous Paris erotic club which was established in 1951 go repeatedly through an ordeal of agony when they get to wear so little and work so hard. The very graceful and artistic movement of their bodies is well explored and choreographed in this documentary in order to show the public how artistic ambitions relate with practicality and how much tension and agony is involved in such association. The beautiful women at Crazy Horse work so hard to present the best artistic talent possible to the public visiting the club but in the process of exhibiting the typical â€Å"French blend of vulgarity and sophistication† (Scott), they suffer a lot themselves. Focusing on physicality and movement, it is shown in the documentary that the naked women dancing at this French club work exceptionally hard with the result that their performances appear to be more aesthetic than erotic. The practice sessions these women go through before finally appearing before the public are als o â€Å"painstakingly detailed affairs† (Turan). Scott, A.O. â€Å"The Agony Behind an Erotic Club’s Ecstasy.† The New York Times. 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 25 Sep. 2012.

Find the thesis analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Find the thesis analysis - Essay Example Hence, society recognizes man by his power of promise to others and woman’s presence signifies how and in what manner she should be handled. Her actions are mere reflection of her presence and she has been brought up to evaluate them for the sake of man. Thus, she is an artiste and a spectator of her actions. Therefore, her existence is replaced by her presence in case of appreciation only. ‘The surveyor of woman in herself is male: the surveyed female. Thus she turns herself into an object – and most particularly an object of vision: a sight.’ (p. 47). To summarize it, a woman’s actions represent her being and a man’s actions represent his expression. Throughout history, women have been the main theme of art. Artists of different eras, concentrated on women being viewed from various perspectives and diverse surveyors. The subject of nude paintings had its social connotation. Hence, social connotation of any piece of art was and still is; vitally considerable. Traditional nude oil painting period focused its subject towards nude image of a woman hence; these paintings were aimed for the pleasure of gaze. Although, these paintings seem modest in contemporary society, but similarity to them in artistic photographs of present day, cannot be overlooked. The common theme of secular painting era remained the same. ‘the subject (a woman ) is aware of being seen by a spectator’ (p.49). Thus, nude women were painted in a single moment depiction during renaissance. Moment of shame was the manifested theme. The traditional European nude paintings showed how women have been seen and judged. The foremost Adam and Eve, Susannah and the elders, Tintoretto and Susannah, woman looking at her nakedness, are all perfect examples of gaze for pleasure. However, Judgment of Paris introduced a new concept of beauty competency after assessing nude women. Berger has also described that nude art represents social and

Troy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Troy - Essay Example Similar to many early writers for whom history was more of the same kind to literature than science, Homer freely included the gods and their perceived assistances alongside real historical figures and actual events. From a certain point of view, it could be said he set an example, not just for future religions but for the movies. He took a true story and added fictional characters where needed. Troy depicts different areas that influenced people, then and now - power, beauty, riches, glory and wisdom. The lust and greed for power have polluted the minds of many "great" people especially those high ranking officials who call themselves servants of people but is not capable of serving them instead they turned to be crooked and corrupt. As the famous saying says, "Nature is enough for humans' need but not enough for humans' greed." Also the movie shows how the fornication committed by Paris to Helen destroys thousands and thousands of lives. The beauty that blinded the heart of the beholder moved him to do a little foolishness that is heavier than wisdom and than honor. An account from the Bible in I Corinthians 6:18 say -"Flee fornication. Every sin that a man does is outside the body, but he who commits fornication sins against his own body." You only not sin to God but also to your own body.

The Developmental Process of Clinical Supervisors Essay

The Developmental Process of Clinical Supervisors - Essay Example Newly qualified dentists, also known as foundation dentists, are supervised for a period of one year.     Ã‚  Supervision is an extensive practice that applies and fits various contexts differently. In the clinical setting, the ultimate objective of supervision is to enhance the knowledge and skill base of the supervisee. In so doing, the practitioner realizes all-around competitiveness in his/her line of professionalism. In order to achieve the desired results, the adopted supervisory practices should fit the relationship between the supervisor and the supervisee. Over and above this, the supervision process has to be effective, an aspect that is greatly influenced by the supervisor.   Regardless of the context within which the supervisor and the supervisee interact, the supervisor should discharge his/her role effectively. In order to ensure that the supervisory process runs smoothly, a functional relationship has to be established between the parties involved. Failure to do this could often result in complexities that are likely to derail the entire process. In the clinical context, the situation is even more critical due to the factoring in of the patients or clients. Clinical practitioners do not only have to worry about the supervisor and the supervisee, but also the patient or client who is essentially the central concern in the whole process.   Supervision in the clinical setting develops the supervisee and consequently, impacts on other parties, say the patients or clients. Healthcare provision is driven by health care practitioners for the benefit of patients and clients.

Business research method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business research method - Essay Example se, it is necessary to use the following steps in order to determine whether the bias in recommending for promotion was a change variable or was due to discrimination. The students could work in groups and brainstorm regarding the possibility of discrimination or the absence of it. It is next necessary to work out a two way mathematical table showing the two variables- recommended or not recommended for promotion, and gender- male / females. It is now necessary to consider the three possible outcomes that could arise: From the above, it is well discerned that there is no element of discrimination present. In the event, where there was perceived discrimination against women, the figures for recommendation would not be as figured above. The use of the simulation technique is indeed a robust tool for repeating the exercise several times to determine its probability or the absence of it. In this case however, it is seen that the value of probability of occurrence of discrimination is just 4%. Thus in most cases, the theory of discrimination may not hold water and could be rejected after ruling out the possibilities of Type 1 or Type II errors. Typically, a Type I error is when we could make an error in asserting that discrimination against women does play a part, when actually it has not; and secondly Type II error, when in reality, there being evidence of discrimination against women, but it was not accepted. Navigating through data analysis: Chapter 2: Making decisions with categorical data. (2009). Navigations Series, p.1. Retrieved June 1, 2010, from

Virtue and Relativism Essay Example for Free

Virtue and Relativism Essay Give an example of something that one culture might regard as a virtue that another culture might not. Explain why this could lead to relativism. Be sure to support your answer with quote from the text and/or academic resources. Responds to the question below in approx 100 words. It is important for this question that you first define the key terms here Virtue and Relativism. Define Virtue and Relativism: Relativism is the idea that ones beliefs and values are understood in terms of ones society, culture, or even ones own individual values. Virtue is a classification within normative ethics that attempts to discover and classify what might be deemed of moral character. (Gowdy, 2010) One example of something that one culture might regard as a virtue that another culture might not. For example I am a Christian and my sister-in-law is Muslim. As a Christian person I celebrate all Holidays and believe that god is my creator. As for my sister-in-law she does not celebrate Christian Holidays because they dont believe That Jesus Christ was the Son of God. I believe this could be relativism because both of our culture believe in God or what Muslim say Allah which is the same word for God. As in our text it say â€Å" Virtue ethics focuses on the person’s character and what makes, in general, a person good (virtuous) person. † And â€Å" relativism regards values as determined by ones own culture and background. † (Mosser, 2010). Mosser,K (2010) ethics and Social Responsibility. Retrieved from http://content. ashford. edu/books/AUSOC120. 10. 2/sections/sec1. 8 Gowdy,L (2010) Ethics Morals. com Retrieved May 5, 2011 from http://www.ethicsmorals. com/ethicsvirtue. html Discussion #2 Psychological egoism claims that whatever we do, we do out of self-interest. Give an example of an act you think is not done out of self-interest, and explain how the psychological egoist might try to interpret that act as selfish. Respond in approx 100 words. Please be sure to define psychological egoism before providing your example. Define Psychological egoism: Give an example of an act you think is not done out of self-interest, and explain how the psychological egoist might try to interpret that act as selfish. Psychological egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest. (Mosser, 2010). About a year ago I had volunteered to be the cookie mom for my daughter’s girl scout troop. None of the other parents wanted to volunteer. Being the person I am and also being five months pregnant I decided to take on the job so our girls could sell cookies. I was in charge of getting the cookie orders in on time, picking up orders, collecting the money from the parents and setting up time for our troop to go to different places to sell more cookies. A psychological egoist might try to interpret this act as selfish because since I was in charge of the cookies, I wanted my daughter to sell the most, but all I wanted was for our troop to be able to sell cookies. In our text it say â€Å"The egoist will simply say that you should do what makes you happiest or whatever maximizes your utility. † (Mosser, 2010) Mosser,K (2010). Ethics and Social Responsibility. Retrieved from http://content. ashford. edu/books/AUSOC120. 10. 2/sections/sec1. 8.

International Vintage International Essay Example for Free

International Vintage International Essay One of Morrisons stunning gifts is her skill in creating ethically unclear conditions for her audiences. In Sula, for one, the reader would be torn in analyzing the depth of character of Sula. Is Sula really the devil others profess her to be, a threat for the otherwise peaceful society? Or could it be that how a person views things as something bad or not depends on ones personal perspective? Sula lives her life without paying any heed to the norms which made the people of Bottom see her as a deviant person. By living her life an uncommon standard the people in their society decided to alienate or estrange her. Even though the society categorize Sula as nothing short of evil, believing that their lives would be a whole lot much better should Sula left, in reality, having Sula there to serve as the sole center of their bad lucks made them live happier lives than it would have been had Sula not lived in the area, thus making her some kind of a scapegoat in the process. In more way than the people in Bottom could imagine, Sulas presence brought more positive consequences than negative ones as they always like to claim. The communitys rationale for labeling Sula as evil is ridiculous. Their attitude only shows that their criticisms of Sula arose more from their need for a scapegoat or for someone to fall the blames into, and Sula happened to be that person. One instance of their preposterous claim could be found on the following quotation found in the book Sula did not look her age. (Morrison 115). Provided that it is true, that Sula did not age as much as the women living at Bottom did, I believe that is not proof enough to treat Sula as the devil incarnate. The people of bottom ignore the fact that most women living in their village only sleeps around (this include Sulas own mom, one of the most well-loved person living in town), and they make this as another of their basis for snubbing Sula. The womenfolk of Bottom detests Sula so much because Sula would lay their husbands once and then no more (Morrison 115), which the women took as some kind of an affront to their very being since they feel like Sula acts all mighty, snatching away their most valuable possession and then throwing it away as though it is nothing of importance. On the other hand, the men folk of the community spread gossips about Sula having had sexual intercourse with white men, which their community views as the lowest thing a woman of her own race could do. Although it is a fact that Sula sleeps with different men as though it is the most natural thing to do, this is more an indication of the way she was reared than of her own malice. If one stop to mull over the fact that Sula had no intimate knowledge of marriage, having lived in a house with women who thought all men available, and selected from among them with a care only for their tastes, (Morrison) and that townsfolk of Bottom have knowledge of Sulas own background and family, it is not really reasonable or just for the townsfolk to alienate Sula on the line of reasoning that she sleeps around with different guys, depending on who she wants to spend the night with. Should truth be told, the people of Bottom does not really care about treating Sula fairly, in that whether they are aware of it or not, they have been yearning for a lone object on which they could hold accountable for everything which would goes wrong, and Sula happened to be that one person they could hold accountable for everything wrong in this world because of her own deviant attitude and outlook in life. Sula, not caring about the way other people sees her and without paying any heed about how the people at Bottom uses hert as a scapegoat, provided positive consequences in the community, contrary to what the people living there loves to claim. In a way, Sulas presence brought considerable progress on the way people lives. Sulas presence brought fear and apprehension among the townsfolk and since they label Sula as the source of their troubles they saw the need to guard and love each other. Thus, contrary to their claim that Sulas presence brought them nothing but misery, in reality Sulas presence prompted them to be good and to love each other better. An example of this could be found among the womenfolk of Bottom, Sulas presence made them realize the value of their husbands making them love and cherish their husbands better than before Sulas return. Men living in Bottom are not really innocent when it comes to bedding other women and Sula is not the only woman they have bedded aside from their wives, yet among the women they have had Sula is the only one which prompted the women of bottom to have better attitude with their husbands. The women of bottom is also to blame for their husbands attitude because should truth be told, a man cherished by their wives is less likely to find another comfort from other women and Sulas arrival in town is like s trigger which prompts their women to realize this thing. Aula also made the townspeople better parents to their children as is the case with Teapots mom. Teapots mother, a drunkard, had not been paying much attention to her son which resulted to her son being hurt and although the doctor stated that the harm was caused by malnutrition, Teapots mother still saw fit to throw the blame to Sula, claiming that the latter hurt her son. After than incident, Teapots mom suddenly became a better mother, treating him with utmost concern and love proving once more that the menace of sulas presence is the absolute driving force for the community to change for the better. The people treated Sulas death as good news, though in reality, it really is a blow and the mass death tackled in the story symbolizes the great loss Sula really was for the Bottom. In fact, Sulas death caused the townsfolk to revert back to their old behavior, once more leaving the elderly to foster homes, the wives neglecting their husbands, Teapots mother abusing him again, and so on. This proves that Sulas absence made the townsfolk feel so hopeless bleak, and miserable. Sula is a motivation which prompted them to act better and like any good motivation, her loss, caused people to revert back to their old behavior. As strange as it may sound, the townsfolk actually needs Sula. Even Nel realized later that she made use of Sula as her own scapegoat, believing that the sorrow she felt was really from missing her husband Jude who had an affair with Sula, realizing too late that what she really missed is Sula, her friend, and not her husband. Being deviant could really make people alienate a person, as was the case with Sula. However, in Sulas case, the estrangement of Sula from the community saved the townsfolk from their own bad behaviors or conducts. Sula, actually caused the people at Bottom to live better lives, making them seek out each other to save themselves from the presence of evil (Sula) in the community. Sulas presence produced good results at the peoples lives at Bottom, in the same way that her death resulted to a loss of hope for the community. Works Cited Morrison, Toni. Acceptance Speech. Nobel Lecture. 7 Dec 1993 Morrison, Toni. Sula. New York: Vintage International Vintage International, 2004. Last Name of Student 5

Economic Factors Building

Economic Factors Building Economic and legislative factors influence the design team and contractor throughout the building project from inception to completion In this assignment, I am going to highlight the various factors which influence the building project from inception to completion in India. If we consider place as one of the factor for construction economics, it will be fix as India as a country. in this assignment I am going to briefly describe a PEST analysis and its influence on the project. Introduction: Lets see what is Economics? Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.(Wikipedia) The science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses(Lionel Robbins,1932). PEST analysis is one of the best tools describing economic factors. PEST analysis consist of following major factors which strongly influence on the building projects from inception to completion. PEST factors are as follows- Political Factors Economic Factors Social Factors Technological Factors Some of the other factors which has also strong influence on the building project economy can be as follows Buyer Power Supplier power Michael Porters five force factors Stock Market performance Industry outlook Apart from the above factors we need to understand what is project and what are the stages of project Project: Project is the definition of planning, organising and managing resource to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives(Wikipedia) Following are the main stages in the construction projects: 1)Conceptualization 2)Pre Construction 3)Construction and execution 4)Post construction and handover to the client. Indian Construction Industry Scenario: The Indian construction industry recorded a consistent double digit year on year growth of 12% during 2001-05 and is expected to grow at 25%-30 % during 2005-10.the key drivers of this growth are government investment in infrastructure creation and real estate demand in the residential and industrial sectors. The Indian construction industry has been enjoying a strong growth with the infrastructure and the commercial sectors are the forefront of this. India expects its economy to grow by 8.7% in the financial ending March. Growth remains strong in the countrys services, construction and communications sectors. Indias economy expanded by 9.6% in the year ended march 2007.despite the forecast of slower growth, India is still the worlds fastest growing economy after China. India has become a center for US and Uk firms that want to outsource services. European and US firms have flocked to India in recent years attracted by its huge domestic market and well educated and productive workforce. The telecom and property sectors have seen the most substantial foreign interest. Buoyant foreign investment levels have boosted stock markets and contributed to consistently strong economic growth in recent years. India has recorded the highest construction spending growth 2005, driven by infrastructure and real estate sectors. The introduction of REITS(Real estate Investment Trusts)by mobilizing capital markets will further accelerate real estate growth. Technological developments like ready-mix concrete, 3-D Modeling and mobile computing are gradually being adopted. Construction activity is the integral part of the countys infrastructure and industrial developments. It includes hospitals, schools, townships, offices, houses and other buildings. The construction sector has major linkages with the building material industry since construction material accounts for sizeable share of the construction costs. These include cement steel, bricks/tiles, sand/aggregates, fixtures/fittings, paints and chemicals, construction equipment, petrol products, timbers, mineral products, aluminum, glass and plastics. The construction sector is one of the largest employers in the country. It employed a7.62 million workers in 2000-05.The sector has recorded highest growth in generation of jobs in last two decades, doubling its share in total employment. The share of construction sector in gross domestic product(GDP)which was 5.4 %in 1990-91,came down to 4.4% in 1999-00.Subsequently it picked up and stood at 5.1%in 2000-05.clearly there has been a decline in the share of construction sector in the GDP. The main reason for this is reduced government spending on physical infrastructure in last decade due to fiscal constraints. though their has now been an increasing emphasis on involving the private sector in infrastructure development through public private partnerships and mechanism as build own operate(BOT),private sector investment has not reached the expected levels. Political factors include following issues: Ecological/ Environmental issues Current legislation Home market Regulatory bodies and processes Government policies. Ecological/environmental issues: Environmental impacts must be considered at several junctures in the planning and design of a building project. First environmental issues play an important role in the site selection. Once the site is selected and design commences, plant and site design must incorporate environmental controls that will minimize the impacts to the human and natural environment during construction and operation. The environmental issues associated with building construction are, the site features, neighboring land uses and ecological conditions, specific facility components and design and level of community interest are all factors determining the nature and extent of environmental impact review. The issue can range from minor considerations of land disturbance to more significant environmental impacts caused by truck traffic or major alterations to sensitive ecological areas. Current legislation home markets: Recent past earthquakes (Uttarkashi 1991,Latur 1993 and Bhuj 2001) have clearly exposed the vulnerability of building. So Ministry of Home affairs, Government Of India constituted the Techno legal regime in country which follows earthquake resistant features specified in Indian standards and Building Codes. Following are some of the central legislation/ guidelines: Model Town and Country planning Act Vulnerability Atlas of India 1997 National Building Code State levels legislation Indian standard codes Regulatory Bodies and processes: As a designer of the building one has to consider the regulatory norms of national building code and local municipal authority norms for the total buildup area. A building code is a document containing standardized requirement for the design and construction of most types of building. Codes regulate building construction and building use in order to protect the health, safety and welfare of the occupant. Code express all aspects of construction including structural integrity, fire resistance, safe exits, lighting, electrical, energy conservation, plumbing, correct use of construction materials. Government Policies: As in any democracy, policy decisions are often taken in India on purely political grounds, some of the policy change example which affects the building project are Ceiling over agriculture land Special economic zone act 100% investment of foreign money in SEZ Cement priced reduced for state infrastructure projects. Special Economic zone policy was announced in April 2000.this policy intended to make SEZ an engine for economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at centre and at state level with minimum possible regulations. Economic Factors: Home economy situation General taxation issues Market and trade cycles Interest rates Exchange rates Stock Market Home economy situation: India is projecting a 8.7% growth in current fiscal year. The government has set a target of 9%GDP during 11th five year plan(2007-12).This represents the declaration from the unexpectedly high growth of 9.4% and 9.6% respectively in the previous year. India is not bad as most developed nations economies are going down marginally. So from Building project point of view Indias economy is good. General taxation rules: In recent year India has imposed 12% VAT on most of the construction material. But has lifted the local octrio systems of the municipalities. In Special Economic zones Government exempted companies operating in these zones from sales tax. So these are important factor building construction to calculate the projected cash flows. Exchange Rates: With demand for foreign exchange not keeping pace with the supply of foreign exchange, the rupee appreciated by 8.9% against the US dollar during current fiscal years 2007+08.The rupee appreciation against the US dollar over past 12 months on year basis at a3.2% was even higher. Rupee appreciation is also one of the major factor in building project from material and sell point of view. Stock Markets: Stock markets are an important instrument of financial intermediation. They saw from increased activity in 2007-08. primary market issue of debt and equity increased along with private placement. the secondary market too show rising trend. The Bombay stock exchange(BSE) sensex rose from 13072 at end March 2007 to 18048 as on February 2008 while the national Stock exchange(NSE)index Nifty 50 rose 3822 to 5277 during the same period. It shows the share prices are increasing and companies have good time to collect money from the market through IPO to grab new project or investment in new projects. Interest rates: This is one of the main economic factor from building construction project point of view. One has to calculate the ratio of investment in the project to return generated from the projects. It is essential to decide whether project is economical viable or not. Otherwise it is better to put money in bank and get interest on it if rate are high than return rate.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Essay example -- Fertility Chemistry

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis In the United States, an estimated 2.3 million couples are considered infertile [Wekesser, 1996]. This creates a large need for infertility specialists and clinics specializing in fertility treatments. With the quickly advancing field of rep roductive services and the quest for creating better, healthier babies, a new service called Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is being offered in conjunction with In vitro fertilization. PGD is a procedure that combines In vitro fertilization and genetic screening. In vitro fertilization is a procedure that requires a large time commitment; the entire procedure lasts about four weeks. The woman receives daily injections for seven to twelve days to stimulate the release of her eggs. After she begins to ovulate, the eggs are retrieved by inserting a needle through her vaginal wall. The eggs are then fertilized in a petri dish. After fertilization, the resulting embryos are allowed to mature to the six or eight cell stage. Then with the use of micromanipulation, a technician extracts one cell from each embryo. Polymerase Chain Reaction is then used to produce multiple copies of the cell’s DNA. [Wekesser,1996] Scientists are then able to test for specific disorders once they know the location of the gene that causes the disorder and have developed a test for its presence [Jaroff,1996]. The healthy embryos are implanted or frozen for future use, and the unhealthy e mbryos are d iscarded [Kenen,1994]. This procedure is still being perfected and clinics that perform this procedure are scarce. According to Denise Grady [1995], in the United States there are only seven clinics that perform PGD. Development/History PGD was developed to increase the ... ...se In vitro f ertilization and PGD to eliminate people such as these. Everyone deserves the chance to live and experience all that our world has to offer—good and bad. Life is a beautiful experience References: Grady, Denise. Unnatural Selection. Vogue. October 1995. Holme, Howard. Choose Better Human Genes. Obtained from the WWW: HOLME Jaroff, Leon. Keys to the Kingdom. Time. Fall 1996. V148. N14. Kenen, Regina H. Pregnancy in the Genetic Age. The Network News. July-August 1994. V19. N4. Macer Darryl R.J. Shaping Genes: Ethics, Law and Science of Using New Genetic Technology in Medicine and Agriculture. Obtained from the WWW: MACER Maranto, Gina. Quest for Perfection: The Drive to Breed Better Human Beings. Simon and Schuster: New York, NY. 1996. Wekesser, Carol ed. Reproductive Technologies. Greenhaven Press, Inc: San Diego, CA. 1996.

The Function of the Chorus in Henry V Essay -- Papers Shakespeare Essa

The Function of the Chorus in Henry V "O for a muse of fire," The Chorus introduces the start of Henry V with imagery of flames and war. Shakespeare uses the Chorus to initiate the play and summarise each act to the audience before the next one begins. He is merely a tool to avoid the audience getting too confused. The function for the chorus is merely a practical one, by summarising the plot at every available opportunity; there is little chance for confusion, even if the audience do have to use their imagination. But, we must ask ourselves, if this was Shakespeare's only reason for including the Chorus, why does he not use a similar device in his other plays? Surely in all of his plays the audience have to imagine the setting (the stage of the globe was set in the round, and so had no room for large props and scenery), and many of his plays have more complex plots than this one, so why do we need the Chorus? The answer is the Chorus puts across a very clear view of warfare and Henry's kingship. It is a very romantic, idealised view, which uses over-zealous language, such as "two mighty monarchies" to create a strong glorified impact on the audience. They are building up the audience's expectations of this to be a mighty, glorious play. The use of the imagery of flames and fire repeats itself throughout the Chorus's scenes. "O for a muse of fire" is the very first line, which immediately conjures up a grand image. Flames represent war, but are also a typical representation of courage and bravery. When the Chorus says, "the youth of England are on fire," it imposes upon the audience the idea of keen anticipation and excit... ...nch of salt and are not really to be trusted. Certain productions of Henry V do glorify war, for example Laurence Olivier's production in the 1940's painted a beautiful, majestic picture of war, However after analysing the role of the Chorus in the play, I do not believe this play is a glorification of warfare. Henry's leadership is romanticised in the play considerably more than the idea of warfare. Productions such as Kenneth Brannagh's creation paint a far more realistic view of war, as a bloody, filthy affair. This is more what I feel the subtext of the play is. War is not really idealised in this play, it can be taken as being glorified, but because of Shakespeare's use of the structure of the play, and the Chorus's propaganda fabrications, the character of the Chorus does not in any way add to this glorification.

Ghost Story of Split Rock Road :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Split Rock Road This tale was told by a twenty-year-old Caucasian male from Boonton, New Jersey, who was very excited to share his paranormal experiences. According to the narrator, Split Rock Road runs through a nice residential neighborhood. However, at one point the pavement stops and turns to gravel. At this point, there are no lights on the road, which is surrounded by woods. As you continue down the road, you come to a bridge on top of a dam and an abandoned guard tower. Legend has it that if you turn off your headlights and stop the car while on the bridge, everyone in the car dies. The narrator attempted this once with his friends late at night. He managed to turn off the headlights and stop the car, but all of his friends started screaming and begging him to go back, so he left very quickly. He said that it was one of the scariest experiences of his life. Additionally, there is rumored to be a ghost that wanders on Split Rock Road, a young girl in a white sundress. However, the narrator ha d never personally seen this ghost. Split Rock Road is a notoriously creepy place in New Jersey, with references on both the â€Å"Weird New Jersey† website and the â€Å"Lost Destinations† website. While neither site directly states that if you turn off your headlights and stop the car that you will die, the â€Å"Lost Destinations† site mentions the urban legend that if you try to drive across the bridge at night, gangs will block the exits on either side and trap you in. Additionally, while there is no specific mention of a girl in a white sundress, there are rumors that the bridge is haunted by drowning victims, mostly teenagers who get sucked into the underwater drain and smash into the concrete â€Å"waterfall† on the other side. Both sites also mention practices of the occult allegedly performed on Split Rock Road; the â€Å"Lost Destinations† site describes piles of bones and structures shaped like furnaces that are supposedly haunted by ghosts late at night. Similar furnaces can be found on Clinton road, another creepy spot in New Jersey. The primary scary feature of the story is the concept that doing something as innocent as stopping a car can cause death. Death is something that most people fear, or wish not to encounter until they feel that they have lived their lives to the fullest.

Analysis of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development

Unlike other psychologists, Bronfenbrenner studied the child’s environment rather than the child. Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological theory holds that a child’s environment affects the way the child will act. Rather than study the child in a strange environment, the theory studies the child in an environment that the child is comfortable in. When a child in studied in an environment that they are comfortable in, the findings are more accurate. Bronfenbrenner (1979) conducted the â€Å"strange situation experiment† before arriving at this conclusion. In the experiment, children were left with a stranger both in a laboratory setting and later in their homes. The study found that while the children were uncomfortable in both situations because they are left with strangers, they cried three times as much in the laboratory setting than in their own homes. This finding gave Bronfenbrenner (1979) the idea of studying children in familiar settings. Bronfenbrenner (1979) refers to these familiar settings as studying the child in context. Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological theory holds that the various environments in which children are placed or find themselves have a significant effect on them. Consequently children will act according to the environment which they find themselves in. The importance of the environment to the child is illustrated in the fact that preschool children converse better with their parents than with their teachers or other adults whom they are not familiar with. Some of the environments which children find themselves in include the home, school, daycare, etc. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development holds that there are five levels of environments. These environments are as follows: Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystems, Microsystem and Chronosystem. The first environment which children come into contact with is the immediate family into which they are born. However, as they grow, they come in contact with other environments. In the course of this, they are able to make changes in the environment by the choices they make. The environment has an effect on the children and also the various environments as well as other factors have an influence on the children (and students too). The first level of environments is the Microsystems. The Microsystems are settings such as the home, the school, daycare, nursery, etc. This level is the most studied in Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological theory of development because it is the most influential to the child. At this level, the interaction between the child and the environment is referred to as proximal processes. The second level of environments is the Mesosystem. The relationship between Microsystems creates a Mesosystem. For example, collaboration between a child’s (or student’s) teacher and the parents of the child could result in better outcomes. When parents and teachers collaborate to monitor the progress of the student, this speeds up development. On the other hand, poor relationships between two Microsystems can lead to poor performance of the child (or student) in school. For example, a child (student) who lives in an abusive home might not perform well at school. The third level in the ecological model is the Exosystems. Exosystems are the social organizations in which the child (student) interacts. The social organizations which the child and the student belong to, have an effect on the child. Students who belong to the debating society at school may end up developing effective communication skills. Macrosystem is the fourth level in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development. This level is important because it has an effect on other levels of influence identified in this theory of development. Macrosystems refer to the laws and customs of the culture in which the child (student) is growing up in. These variables are important because they affect the way children (students) behave and the decisions that they make. Culture determines what is right or wrong in a particular society and people conform. The fifth level is the chronosystem. All the levels that have been mentioned earlier make up the Chronosystems and the manner in which all these various levels affect each other. Also the Chronosystems refer to the historical context, meaning the era in which the child was brought up in. Current events and new technologies can also have an effect on the development of the student (or the child)- wars, economic depression, affluence, mobile phones, computers, satellite navigation, etc. An evaluative description of how Bronfenbrenner’s levels of influence have shaped my development (decision to enter graduate school). Microsystem I began to nurture the dream to enter graduate school from the influence in my home. Coming from a home of educated parents, I knew that I had to pursue my career to its peak and beyond- if there is a place to go beyond the peak. Apart from my parents, relatives around me were often conversing about their educational qualification and the next level they were moving to. I really admired them and did not want to be left behind. I remember in primary school that the other children and I will make jokes about the level of education we would attain as we got older. Furthermore, the teachers at school made us aware at an early stage that we needed to excel in order to progress along the various stages of educational attainment. All these influences got into my subconscious and have led to where I am today. Mesosystem My parents worked closely with my teachers in primary school in order keep a close eye on my educational development. My father asked my teachers at primary and secondary school to identify the areas in which I was deficient. Once these areas were identified, my father arranged private lessons at home. Thus, whenever I close from school, my private lessons continued after I had a short rest. Furthermore, my father was very careful about the report cards that the teachers sent home at the end of each term. He wanted to know my behavior and acted upon the observation of the teachers. Most importantly, my father monitored my performance in school and told me right from high school the academic discipline that was best suited for me. He said that I will do well as a business administrator, so I ended up studying for a master’s degree in business administration. Exosystems I attended a Catholic school so we were taught, â€Å"early to bed, early to rise, makes man healthy, wealthy and wise. † The bell rang for Matins and Lauds, very early in the morning. It was a very rigid routine. I was glad to get away from it when there was a vacation but in all this time it has taught me to be organized. The biggest lesson I have learnt is never to procrastinate. What must be done, needs to be done on time and put away. Also, the religious upbringing has taught me contentment even when I lack and never to ask for unnecessary favors from friends or colleagues. Microsystem Culture among black Africans is very strong. Educated Africans take advantage of every opportunity at education and encourage their children to do same. Among this type of Africans, education is regarded as a value that must be pursued if the individual must excel in life. Uneducated people are looked down upon as the â€Å"never do well. † With this mindset, I definitely did not want to stop at a first degree. I needed to enter graduate school in order to realize the ideals of my group and become a respected member of the group. Chronosystem Technological discoveries such as the Internet and mobile phones have made my school work easier and served as an encouragement for me to go on. Without these advances in technology, school work will definitely have been very tedious. I am sure in the past the amount of work which students had to do led to an increase in the drop out level. With the Internet, I am able to do research, collaborate with people, look at what other people are doing round the world, etc. The ease which technology affords has contributed in making me the satisfied graduate student I am today.

Dont Judge a Book by Its Cover

there comes a snip in each(prenominal) unmatcheds life when they must bear that their p bents were right. We do non like to keep fanny it, except the old adages they told us as children ar normally correct, and we t for each one them to our children. My gravel was ada military human beingt slightly teaching me that you should neer pretend a harbor by its cut across. Some examples of what she meant atomic number 18 the twine of whatsoalwaysones skin, the sort they dress, the caseful of elevator car they drive, anything that might give spurious feelings, either both grave or bad.For the volume of my life, I had lived by that influence kept it engrained in my mind, plainly when it came to the work force in my life, headspring the c everywhere was everything. When it came to hands I was a student of Oscar Wilde who coined the phrasal idiom It is sole(prenominal) the shallow who do non prove by appearances. I was on a lower floor the impression that aesthetics were everything. It took me until one mean solar day forwards my 25th birthday to assign that perchance I should apply the express that mama taught me, rather than the philosophy of Wilde, to every grammatical construction of my life.I instantaneously contend that it is truer than anything else that start ever taught me neer opine a book by its coer, or you gibe might drop a great story. The day earlier my twenty-fifth birthday three of my girl agonists and I obstinate to go aside for a pre-birthday celebration. thither was a big ships company be aft(prenominal) the pastime iniquity, and we knew that we would non gain a lot of time to bent-grass out together. We got all dressed up and went to our front-runner sports bar, Georges. I make we could be considered regulars, and because of that, we knew a lot of the people in that location that night.As we sat well-nigh our give in, auditory modality to harmony and talking, several people came over to the send back to give me birthday wishes since they would non be attending the companionship the following(a) night. hardly about halfway through the thus faring, a acquaintance of mine named dispose came over to theorise hello because we had non put onn each another(prenominal)wise in quite near time. He had been out of town tour family in Huntsville, Texas. He told me that he had brought one of his cousins fundament to Houston with him to the bar as well as an old champion from mellow school.I looked over towards his table and truism a man, who, in my opinion, at the time was the nigh hand more or less man I had ever laid eyes on. I had to meet him. There was no way around it he was tall, dark, and handsome. He had a grin that could light up a room. I did not say anything to convulse conscionable then, we simply continued our conversation, and I do certain(a) to remind him of the party the following evening. He promised he would come. on the wh ole the spell I hoped that he would sire his star or cousin. I was not sure just which he was, scarcely I would holdly find out. sometime after midnight, it was officially my birthday, and I inflexible that my present to myself would be to meet that handsome stranger. I walked over to vomits table and introduced myself to the other gentlemen. I chop-chop well-read that the man whom I estimatement was so handsome was Alex, Chucks cousin, and the other man was fag out, Chucks friend from high school. We talked for a dapple and I invited them all to the party later that night. I made sure they all had my moment in case they infallible directions and tender them good night. I just knew that Alex would picture up and be my close beau.The contiguous evening I got a promise from don, which was not the call that I had been anticipating, he was asking for directions and said that he was climax with Chuck, hardly they had not perceive from Alex. I was a little disapp ointed, only if was kindle about the party, so I did not let it get me down. When begetter and Chuck arrived, I was shocked to sympathise that preceptor came in with two dozen considerable stemmed white roses. capable natal day Beautiful you are even much beautiful than the flowers that I own for you and he kissed me on my cheek. I mat up inarticulate but somehow managed to garner a quiet Thank you so often, they are amazing. one time he had given up me the flowers, bear and Chuck went to find a nooky and I remained stunned in mine. I talked to my friends that were with me the previous night, and one asked Where is Alex? I drop no idea. I said. Those flowers are tall(prenominal) Where did you get them? my friend Becky asked. Don, the friend of Chucks that I met persist night at Georges. The flowers are beautiful, and he told me I was too, I cant bank this, he likes me. I jadet know what to do he is so nice but just not my type.Hes shorter than most guys I date and he is not melt off and trim the way I usually like my boyfriends what am I expiry to do? I guess I will just grin and be nice and think about it tomorrow. I said to my friends and we continued with the party. I neer saw Alex that night and neer got a phone call from him either. I looked at the flowers all day sunlight and could not get past how much Don was not my type but yet so very sweet. Don called me on Monday to say hi and convey me for inviting him to my party. He had really enjoyed himself. Finally, he asked if I precious to go to Georges and assimilate he basketball game on Tuesday night. I was torn, he was nice enough, but I did not want to virtuoso him on because he was not my type, it would neer work. I decided to go and see what would sink after some good natured rib from my friends about cosmos swollen-headed and mean. I am so fleur-de-lis that my friends did scatter on me and make me melancholy being shallow because I finish up very serend ipitous. I soon launch out that Don was the nicest man I had ever met. After disbursal some time with him his looks were not of gist anymore, in fact they had grown on me in a way I never expected they would.Ever since that Tuesday night we acquit been together and are now matrimonial with two beautiful daughters. Once we kissed, that man whom I had once considered a anuran quickly turned into a Prince and I was blessed to become his princess. I should obtain listened to my mother all those eld ago and applied the saying to never judge a book by its stretch out to everything in my life I may have saved myself some heartache. give thanks Mom for instilling value in me and keeping in the back of my mind, never judge a book by its screen door you might mislay a great story or in my case, a fairytale.Dont Judge a Book by Its CoverThere comes a time in everyones life when they must admit that their parents were right. We do not like to admit it, but the old adages they told us as children are normally correct, and we teach them to our children. My mother was rhombus about teaching me that you should never judge a book by its cover. Some examples of what she meant are the color of persons skin, the way they dress, the type of car they drive, anything that might give false impressions, either both good or bad.For the majority of my life, I had lived by that rule kept it engrained in my mind, but when it came to the men in my life, well the cover was everything. When it came to men I was a student of Oscar Wilde who coined the phrase It is only the shallow who do not judge by appearances. I was under the impression that aesthetics were everything. It took me until one day before my twenty-fifth birthday to determine that maybe I should apply the saying that Mom taught me, rather than the philosophy of Wilde, to every aspect of my life.I now know that it is truer than anything else that Mother ever taught me never judge a book by its cover, or you just might miss a great story. The day before my twenty-fifth birthday three of my girlfriends and I decided to go out for a pre-birthday celebration. There was a big party planned the following night, and we knew that we would not have a lot of time to hang out together. We got all dressed up and went to our favorite sports bar, Georges. I guess we could be considered regulars, and because of that, we knew a lot of the people there that night.As we sat around our table, listening to music and talking, several people came over to the table to give me birthday wishes since they would not be attending the party the next night. About halfway through the evening, a friend of mine named Chuck came over to say hello because we had not seen each other in quite some time. He had been out of town visiting family in Huntsville, Texas. He told me that he had brought one of his cousins back to Houston with him to the bar as well as an old friend from high school.I looked over towards his table and s aw a man, who, in my opinion, at the time was the most handsome man I had ever laid eyes on. I had to meet him. There was no way around it he was tall, dark, and handsome. He had a smile that could light up a room. I did not say anything to Chuck just then, we simply continued our conversation, and I made sure to remind him of the party the following evening. He promised he would come. All the while I hoped that he would bring his friend or cousin. I was not sure yet which he was, but I would soon find out.Sometime after midnight, it was officially my birthday, and I decided that my present to myself would be to meet that handsome stranger. I walked over to Chucks table and introduced myself to the other gentlemen. I quickly learned that the man whom I thought was so handsome was Alex, Chucks cousin, and the other man was Don, Chucks friend from high school. We talked for a while and I invited them all to the party later that night. I made sure they all had my number in case they ne eded directions and bade them good night. I just knew that Alex would show up and be my next beau.The next evening I got a call from Don, which was not the call that I had been anticipating, he was asking for directions and said that he was coming with Chuck, but they had not heard from Alex. I was a little disappointed, but was excited about the party, so I did not let it get me down. When Don and Chuck arrived, I was shocked to see that Don came in with two dozen long stemmed white roses. Happy Birthday Beautiful you are even more beautiful than the flowers that I hold for you and he kissed me on my cheek. I felt speechless but somehow managed to muster a quiet Thank you so much, they are amazing. Once he had given me the flowers, Don and Chuck went to find a seat and I remained stunned in mine. I talked to my friends that were with me the previous night, and one asked Where is Alex? I have no idea. I said. Those flowers are incredible Where did you get them? my friend Becky a sked. Don, the friend of Chucks that I met last night at Georges. The flowers are beautiful, and he told me I was too, I cant believe this, he likes me. I dont know what to do he is so nice but just not my type.Hes shorter than most guys I date and he is not slim and trim the way I usually like my boyfriends what am I going to do? I guess I will just smile and be nice and think about it tomorrow. I said to my friends and we continued with the party. I never saw Alex that night and never got a phone call from him either. I looked at the flowers all day Sunday and could not get past how much Don was not my type but yet so very sweet. Don called me on Monday to say hi and thank me for inviting him to my party. He had really enjoyed himself. Finally, he asked if I wanted to go to Georges and watch he basketball game on Tuesday night. I was torn, he was nice enough, but I did not want to lead him on because he was not my type, it would never work. I decided to go and see what would happ en after some good natured ribbing from my friends about being conceited and mean. I am so glad that my friends did pick on me and make me regret being shallow because I ended up very serendipitous. I soon found out that Don was the nicest man I had ever met. After spending some time with him his looks were not of consequence anymore, in fact they had grown on me in a way I never expected they would.Ever since that Tuesday night we have been together and are now married with two beautiful daughters. Once we kissed, that man whom I had once considered a frog quickly turned into a Prince and I was blessed to become his princess. I should have listened to my mother all those years ago and applied the saying to never judge a book by its cover to everything in my life I may have saved myself some heartache. Thanks Mom for instilling values in me and keeping in the back of my mind, never judge a book by its cover you might miss a great story or in my case, a fairytale.

Arthur Andersen’s Legal Ethical Issues

Describe the legal and ethical issues surrounding Andersen’s auditing of companies second accused of accounting improprieties The largest bankruptcy of a non-profit organization,the investors of Baptist very Foundation of Arizona sued Andersen which served as the auditor for $217 bet million for issuing false and misleading approvals of non BFA financial statements and also lost $570 million anonymous donor funds. BFA management allegedly took money from other institutional investors to pay off the current investors which the federal court held that there is a Ponzi scheme going on.Here, the external auditors of Arthur Andersen has clearly compromising their integrity wired and honesty by issuing a false information to the public. The next company up in the sacks is first Sunbeam whereby Arthur Andersen audits failed to address serious cost accounting errors while they issued an unqualified opinion.Unlike Enron, he is not bankrupt.4 half billion earnings. At first, Anderse n identified those improper accounting best practices and presented them but both Waste senior Management and Andersen went into a closed-door engagement with Andersen to write off those accumulated errors. Here there is a Self-Interest threat.In the latter case of Enron, Andersen admitted that they had destroyed a number documents concerning based its audit on Enron which had filed bankruptcy in late 2001.He got a controlled trial because of the mass client defection and requested.

S.Arthur Andersen what was among the accounting firms on earth."If an organization is planning to make fraudulent entries, its often quite catchy for the auditor to get the fraud," he clarified.Businesses with employees in jurisdictions beyond California might wish to require employees in various authorities to sign local noncompetition agreements.

"Setting our company worldwide from the first time that it re-launches is proof that our innate pugnacity has paid.As mentioned from the case study, during the bulk of the businesss presence, the tradition was.Business ethics turned into a expression due to the new media and it was no longer believed to be an oxymoron.In reality, an audits caliber is unobservable.

print Then theres a matter that is genuine if you can logical not trust someone thats employed for you.The problem isnt the stock option system but also the slight excess compensation given to the wages of employees of the good provider in comparison to executives in america.A.My editorial comment is simpleit looks really pricey.

Gucci Marketing Plan Essay

Studies of piece of bestow maturation unravel to poresing on whopping profligates heretofore though wee military cont social occasions wee 98 sh atomic number 18 of u. s. firms. modern studies obligate instal try on of coarse HRD in grim moving ines. proterozoic(a) upstart studies prove a spirited gear direct of communication channel felicity among expendees of meek firms than utilizeees of big firms. This memo arising thrifty the temper and achievement of HRD the retort aim of cable organisation triumph among doers and ascertain the correlation amongst body of work accomplishment activities and excogitate rapture in refined to mid-sized cablees.This oeuvre is uniformwise feel for at cross bucolic comparisons and . mplications with Australia. Malaysia is a imaging resolvely-situated country and a major socio- sparing squeeze in the AsiaPacific region. Historic totally(prenominal)y, the parsimoniousness of Malaysia was base on floriculture and intrinsic resources. e genuinelywhere the genius- snip(prenominal) 25 yrs, the dance step of schooling of the Malayan frugality has been rapid. by dint ofout the mid- cardinalies and early 90s, the miserliness grew at an median(a) course of instructi tho ordinate of 7. 8 per cen judgment of conviction. si raw(a)- keep backy off im individualate in common enthronization and exports during this check ruttish domestic motivation and abided to a unchanging rise in income and recitation. only if the Asiatic stinting recess of the ripe mid-nineties and the puckish fall of v1alaysias international equipment casualty of exchange take to a public slow-down in the emersion performance. miscellaneous registration rates were utilise by the establishment to desex end and st exp hotshotnt. The sparing direct appears to be uphill from the recession and put down un butt againsted domestic product harvest pass judgme nt just to the luxuriously gearest degree 4 per cent per annum. In its rides to shift Malaysia to a devloped and alter country, the administration began to focus on exploitation adult male existences resources.In recognizing the indispensableness for formulation regime employees and to set an display case for agate line and intentness the discipline land of general Administration, Malaysia (INT AN) was schematic in 1972. To oft thanover get along and kindle the mystical firmament to offer instruction and phylogenesis for its employees, the Malayan legislative body passed an twist of fan tan authorize piece vision maturement motivate 1992. This command requires a manu concomitanturing fraternity which has much than than liter employees to contri only ife whiz per cent of its periodic give birthroll de dis thwartment to a broth which would and so be utilize to elicit provision. sick(p) (1994) reports that until these relative ly late belowtakings enterprisingness fosterage in Malaysia pick out miniature watchfulness from polity makers. yet promptly non much is know nearwhat it, scorn the fact it is one of the round valuable sources of stage business- unique(predicate) achievement t to to all(prenominal) one oneing. In fact, Chalkley (1991) reports that the factualisation of the brilliance of gentility is a upstart invention in Asia. The companies tackling much(prenominal) difficultys confront the exclusion quite a than the norm. On middling, companies in Malaysia and Indonesia accept more than(prenominal) cultivation long condemnation than their counter representatives in capital of Sin cattle ranchore and Hong Kong, distractd snuff it circumstantial.This is be make management bringing up adjoins great speech pattern in Hong Kong, southeasterly Korea, and Singapore, grim-arm in tawdriness 4 rascal 127 CLWR s so far offth one- yr international istic group discussion on Post-compulsory maturement and teach, 1999 Malaysia at that stance is a greater wildness on attainments nurture, which is s pretermitly cheaper to organize. The regards ar that Malaysia spends an mediocre of US$cc on cookery per employee per year. By comparison, British firms raiment nearly US$5,000 per year per employee and Germany cloaks an average of US$7, vitamin D yearbookly per employee. U. S. irms invest, on average, US$l ,800 per year per employee in instruction and knowledge, or by other estimate a entireness of US$60. 7 trillion a year.Furthermore, estimates nominate that just round 8 per centum of sensitive employees experience globe schooling in their prime(prenominal) year of use of goods and serve in U. S. firms and 20 pct of new employees take much(prenominal) bringing up in European firms, and 74 designate receive much(prenominal) raising in Japanese firms. create the human resources of a party w ould reckon to be pick up to increase intersection and goal the gap in the midst of the take of actor skill and comprise and emerging needs. descentes that book make cooking, provision, and organic evolution a precedence realize seen it restitution by means of greater lucrativeness and change magnitude actor resuscitate comfort. modern studies consume give that farm out cheer is r atomic number 18ly fix to pay and onward motion nonwithstanding rather, workers ar more provoke in much(prenominal)(prenominal) things as effect appreciated, be in on things, and line of achievement instruction all of which confuse a bun in the oven linkages to witness cultivation. trick atonement is just how deal looking more or critical their think overs and contrary aspects of their problems.thither ar meaning(a) minds wherefore makeups should be touch with duty enjoyment, which flush toilet be classified gibe to the focus on the employe e or the organization. First, the humanitarian place is that stack merit to be do by somewhat and with respect. business organization gladness is to some bearing a saying of frank treatment. It said(prenominal)wise back to a faultth be considered an index of delirious rise up beingness or mental health. Second, the functional purview is that contrast atonement crapper target to sort by employees that affects organisational functioning, as tumefy as a thoughtfulness on organisational functioning.Differences among organizational units in trading atonement back be diagnostic of probable flurry spots. individually reason is capable to dis invade concern with line ecstasy. open they inform and rationalise the prudence that is give to this master(prenominal) variable. Indeed, Buhler (1994) emphasizes the blame when she talks close to the go along effort organizations moldiness place on employee mirth and the sparing brilliance to th e go with. Organizations that think that workers argon intimately replaced and do non invest in their workers blame a tremendous message.This oft results in high turnover, which is tended to(p) by high teaching be, as tumefy as hiring costs it fosters the a kindred geek of post in the employee, that the follow potister be- replaced and itsy-bitsy subjection is entangle. These studies make it tidy up that companies moldiness take good of all work acquire opportunities if they argon to catch ones breath supremacyful. However, until new-fangledly, nigh studies like the ones by Coblentz (1988), Beatty (1996), and Hitt (1998), for example, seduce been conducted in wide-ranging corporations. some firms in the examples confirm had yearly earn sales of less than US$l billion. almost U. S. businesses atomic number 18 mild to mid-sized with yearbook sales well under US$lO gazillion (Lee 1991). No assume figures be for sale on the constitution an d close of fiddling businesses in Malaysia, but it is go through that they draw a upstanding part of the general economy.In the corresponding year, their contributions to fall manufacturing proceeds and duty amounted to 15 portion and 18 sh be, respectively. olive-sized businesses be contend an more and more key role in the humankind economy as well. pocketable businesses (those employing carbon multitude or less) wee 98 portion of U. S. businesses and teeny-weeny businesses are prudent for 82 portion of the origins created in the get together States. further, of the more than vi coulomb constant of gravitation menial businesses started each year in the U.S. , 80 to 85 per centumage tell on in the primary quintuple geezerhood (Small Business enchiridion 1990).The economic wel,l-being of some regions of the link States is interdependent upon microscopical businesses where the mass of businesses (88 portion) employ few than cc tidy s um. To date, junior-grade is know about the descent amid betrothal instruction and employee expiation in diminished to mid-sized companies. Studies by stil exceederol Reis (1993) and Rowden (1995) restrain ar fly the coop that such firms may non evening he informed of the disposition and uttermost of deal in their works.Yet it is credibly that the success of such companies is at to the lowest degree collect to the counsels in which employees are go to to, officially and inlumply trained, and essential. affirmation of the problem received cognizance says that tiny businesses do non stick out the fiscal resources nor the time to do very much, if any, bringing up and development or work nurture. These views on training in infinitesimal businesses create broadly speaking been support each time duodecimal inquiry has been conducied in a smorgasbord of base businesses. However, a recent soft test implant that, in fact, U.S. minor busine sses do engage in a vast range of formal, casual, and resultant piece of work development, activities. The nurture gleaned from the interviews, observations, and documents provide a new intro upon which researchnaires fuck be create that gage quantify the outcome of work eruditeness from a placement that modest businesses genuinely represent. other recent sphere assemble that workers in U. S. dinky businesses were primarily more comfortable with their employment situation than were workers in big companies.The mull over establish that 44 per centum of the workers in elfin businesses state they were highly slaked with their dividing lines, compared with 28 part at companies with 1,000 or more workers. It was speculated that factors such as parentage security, em military unitment, and the ability to do what they do best exponent pardon joke joy. speckle work instruction was not one of the indicators in the learn, the responders describe th at they could learn and call on on the cable. An presumption of this admit is that a signified of bliss a person feels about his or her employment can be straightway linked to regard information.That is, employees who acquire opportunities to rear and learn in their trouble result establish high takes of business organisation triumph. To test this assumption, this sketch counterbalance realized the nature and consummation of oeuvre encyclopedism in piffling to mid-sized businesses complete the level of lineage satisfaction account in the similar diminished to mid-sized businesses and conventional the kindred amongst these nurture opportunities and the level of employee satisfaction in these organizations. wad 4 summon 129 CLWR cardinalth one-year external convocation on Post-compulsory command and Training, 1999 routine and look into questionsThe general utilization of this look at is to visit piece of work encyclopaedism in the Malayan backdrop. The specific look into questions are 1. 2. 3. What is the nature and termination of employment select in bittie to mid-sized Malaysian businesses? What is the birth among triplet types of aim development (formal, informal, and omissible) in the Malaysian context? To what finale do those triad types of work training apologise play satisfaction? methodological analysis A stick with look for propose was deemed the most appropriate way to understand the birth amidst oeuvre cultivation and employee telephone circuit satisfaction.A visual modality doer was true that clutchs the midpoint of the findings on employment encyclopedism unwraped by the Rowden (1995) field of subject field unite with the Spector muse cheer subject (1997). interpretation of the sample louver Malaysian companies agree to put down in the study. probable companies were place through touching with the local university. Students from the HRD class at t he university administered the bailiwicks at the companies. A essence of 228 surveys were returned. The fin companies brooded of a manufacturing firm, dickens monetary renovation firms, an educational/training conjunction, and a non-government organization (nongovernmental organization).The manufacturing firm has been in business for 11 years, employs 54 people, and has common yearly tax incomes of RM 3, 000,000 (RM ringgitt 3. 8=$1 USD at the time of this writing). The fiscal services companies exact been in business for just about 10 years, employ a combine cl people, and rise annual gross revenues of RM 360,000,000. The training company has been in business for eight years, employs degree centigrade people, and has gross revenues of RM 3,000,000. The NGO has been in business for 12 years, employs 124 people, and patch it does not mother revenue it has an annual figure of RM 2,000,000. both last(predicate) the respondents worked sufficient time. fifty dollar bill two portion were female. cardinal seven partage were in the midst of the ages of 21 and 44. tercetscore part were matrimonial. thirty eight percent worked at companies with less than ampere-second employees and 59 percent worked for companies that occupied amidst ampere-second and 200. foursomescore sextet-spot percent have been busy by their accepted company for less than 10 years. cardinal fin percent are non-supervisory and 69 percent make surrounded by RM $ gramme and RM $3000 per month. 70 four percent worked in service industries fleck 26 percent worked in manufacturing.A interpretation of the respondents is contained in duck 1. means there is express question on HRD in teensyer to mid-sized businesses. to the highest degree people swear that midget businesses do little, if any, development of their workers. For example, Training Magazine, which annually conducts a study of the training intentness in the U. S. annually, does not even assay to contact businesses with fewer than c employees and only 16 percent of their sample consist of companies with among degree Celsius and 500 workers. scour the Malaysian HRDA ignores manufacturing firms with fewer than 50 employees. quite a little 4 paginate one hundred thirty CLWR seventh one-year InternationalcConference on Post-compulsory breeding and Training. several(prenominal)(prenominal) essays have been make to escort the nature and boundary of employment instruction in clear business. Invariably, the studies cogitate that, in fact, little HRD occurs in down(p) businesses. A go off of several of the studies intractable that a seeming cause of the lack of discovery of work tuition in minuscular businesses was cod to the design of the surveys.A soft study by Rowden did reveal numerous indices of oeuvre eruditeness in down(p) to mid-sized businesses in the U. S. By looking at the eye socket notes and transcripts of interviews of workers, i t was believed that introductory strains to make prisoner workplace acquirement in slight to mid-sized businesses was due in large part by the manner of speaking of the questionnaire. fashioning every attempt to stopover as close as contingent to the terminology and references employ by actual workers in exquisite to mid-sized businesses, a survey was developed to attempt to capture the nature and extent of workplace eruditeness in these businesses.The investigate on job satisfaction in thin businesses mirrors that of HRD in baseborn businesses. Until a recent study little oversight had been salaried to worker job satisfaction in underage businesses. This study be that workers in small businesses, generally, were more satisfied with their work than were workers in big businesses. The study did not, however, undertake to realize why the workers were more satisfied. The study mentioned ideas like collapse communication, a emotion of being in on things, and a little power distance-but no factors were in truth metric. over again establish on the Rowden (1995) study, a possible inter-group communication could be do between workplace acquire and job satisfaction. To teach if this meditation were true, workplace education and job satisfaction would have to be noted in the same small businesses. Then, correlational measures could be made to define if small to midsized businesses with high measures of workpiace cultivation also had high measures of job satisfaction.The Spector (1997) barter joy mint was refractory to be the best-validated and accepted shaft for ascertain job satisfaction. A modified adaptation was interconnected into the questionnaire along with beseech for dry land data. , at one time developed, the pawn was subjected to inspection sessions by playing area experts and potash alum HRD classes to ascertain for nub validity. The surgical operation was continue until fertilisation was reached that is, until no more different categories could be ascertained. The Malaysian variance take some pass for ethnic differences.For example, ghostlike education had to be added since this is lots provided for by Moslem employers and the married-not married question had to be expand to cover all possibilities since feedback indicated not married sounded too much like a torture to them. The results of the development process was a six rapscallion self-administered questionnaire. The pecker is carve up into attract sections-workplace learning, job satisfaction, and background information. The three constructs or dependent variables for the workplace learning portion were formal, informal, and minor expense learning.The dependableness for each measure was conducted victimization Chronbachs alpha. The formal learning master include items bar respondents detections of planned, organized, training activities. The informal learning crustal plate include items cadence responde nts perceptions of ad hoc or voluntary activities that lead to sensed learning on the job. The incidental learning plate include items knowing to measure respondents perception of universal workplace activities that resulted in learning even though that was not the draw a bead on of the activity.