Influence Of Positivism Interpretivism And Realism Approaches Psychology Essay

Impact Of Positivism Interpretivism And Realism Approaches Psychology Essay All sociological research structures and techniques make certain presumptions about the idea of the social world and how information is produced. One of the manners in which that examination can be assessed and improved is to make these presumptions increasingly express (Hibberd, 2005). Positivism, interpretivism and authenticity offer various responses to the idea of logical information and whether it is pertinent to social orders. Numerous researchers contend that a lot of sociological research contains components of every one of the three (Suppe, 1984; Bickhard, 1992; Hibberd, 2010). To a far degree these contentions have affected the methodological division of social research. It is asserted that, the quantitative strategies have their scholarly supporting in the positivist and pragmatist standards, while the subjective strategies/methods have their scholarly supporting in interpretativist, constructivist, and naturalist ideal models (Hanzel, 2010). Be that as it may, in spite of these progressing contentions between the methodological conventions of subjective and quantitative research (Gage, 1989); joined techniques speak to a quick creating field of sociology system. As all techniques have explicit edges and specific qualities, numerous discussants recommend that subjective and quantitative strategies ought to be consolidated so as to make up for their common shortcomings (Tashakkori Teddlie, 2003). In addition, it is guaranteed that this development contents the start of another time in social research showed by an inclination to join quantitative and subjective techniques even-mindedly unrestricted by old discussions (Johnson Turner, 2003). Along these lines it is underscored that the employments of a blended technique configuration gives a significant apparatus in defeating the restrictions of both subjective and quantitative mono-strategy inquire about. This article manages social speculations that impact subjective and subjective research strategies utilized in sociologies as either on a fundamental level divisible or even as hopeless techniques for sociologies. It begins with a portrayal of positivism, Interpretivism and authenticity; and connections these speculations to the establishment of subjective and quantitative research strategies. At that point, it shows how they manage the different parts of the subjective quantitative gap. At long last, it is the expectation to show how the consolidated methodological methodology might be incorporated in an intelligent manner to include worth and aid the plan of a solitary research venture. With an accentuation on the distinctions and likenesses among quantitative and subjective methodologies giving the premise to investigating the strategies for consolidating the two ways to deal with beat their shortcomings by giving an analysis of the reciprocal qualities of every custom. Portraying Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism draws near Scarcely any sociologists would depict themselves as a positivist, interpretivist or pragmatist. These are terms utilized fundamentally by methodologists and social scholars to depict and assess the hypothetical suppositions hidden various ways to deal with examine (Bickhard, 1992; Johnson, 2006; Hibberd, 2010). There are various perspectives in human science about what social orders are and the most ideal methods of acquiring information on them. This piece of the article rearranges matters somewhat by describing three of the most powerful speculations of information in human science: positivism, interpretivism and authenticity (Bryman, 1998 and 2001; Hibberd 2010). Positivism Positivism is every now and again used to represent the epistemological supposition that experimental information dependent on standards of objectivity, verificationism, and reproducibility is the establishment of all bona fide information (Bryman, 2001; Hanzel, 2010). The term positivist has been basic for quite a while in the human sciences since positivist will in general buy in to various thoughts that have no spot in present-day science and theory (Hanzel, 2010). Positivism sees that humanism can and should utilize the techniques for the normal sciences, that don't generally mean utilizing tests on the grounds that there are a wide range of moral issues with doing that, yet positivists do accept that sociologists should utilize quantitative strategies and expect to recognize and gauge social structures. As a philosophical methodology, positivism incorporates a gathering of thoughts. Table 1 beneath, gives principle characters to positivist key thoughts. It shows that positivists summarize all the things by being against power (Hacking, 1983). Character Portrayal accentuation upon confirmation Noteworthy suggestions are those whose fact or lie can be settled here and there. Master perception What we can see, feel, contact, and so forth give the best substance or establishment for the remainder of our non numerical information. Discoverability Logical information is something found (instead of delivered or built). Hostile to cause There is no causality in nature, well beyond the consistency with which occasions of one kind are trailed by occasions of another sort. Minimizing clarification Clarification may help sort out marvels, however don't give any more profound response to Why inquiries but to state that the wonders normally happen in such and such a way. Hostile to hypothetical substances Positivists will in general be non-pragmatists, not just in light of the fact that they limit reality to the noticeable yet additionally on the grounds that they are against causes and are questionable about clarifications. Table 1: Positivism characters Source: Hacking, 1983 Positivist hypothesis contends that the techniques for the common sciences are pertinent to the investigation of social orders. In the positivist view, humanism includes the quest for causal connections between noticeable marvels and speculations are tried against perceptions (Hibberd, 2009). Scientists embracing a positivist perspective may at present be keen on getting some answers concerning people groups abstract perspectives. For instance, they investigate things, for example, perspectives and sentiments through study examine (Michell, 2003). Be that as it may, they consider the to be of human science as clarifying why individuals act in the manner they do, and how individuals truly feel about things can't be clarified logically. Interpretivist Interpretivists don't really dismiss the positivist record of information, yet they question the possibility that the rationale and strategies for characteristic science can be brought into the investigation of social orders. Max Weber was one of the principle effects on the interpretivist convention in human science. For him, normal science and sociology are two altogether different ventures requiring an alternate rationale and various techniques (Bryman, 1982). At the core of interpretivist evaluate of positivism is a humanist perspective. A portion of those preferring an interpretivist perspective on human science have since quite a while ago contended that as they continued looking for a logical clarification of public activity, positivist have at times overlooked that they are examining individuals, and to contemplate individuals you have to get out and investigate how they truly think and act in regular circumstances. Interpretivists contend that not at all like items in nature, people can change their conduct in the event that they realize they are being watched (Collins, 1984; Guba, 1987). In this way, interpretivists contend that on the off chance that we need to comprehend social activity, we have to investigate the reasons and implications which that activity has for individuals (Marsh, 2002). Take the case of wrongdoing, a positivist would contend that specialists can just gauge wrongdoing utilizing quantitative strategies and dis tinguish designs and correlations.â While, an interpretivist would contend that we have to comprehend what individuals mean by wrongdoing, how they come to sort certain activities as criminal and afterward explore who comes to be viewed as criminal in a specific culture . The point of interpretivist approaches in humanism is to comprehend the abstract encounters of those being contemplated, how they think and believe and how they act in their characteristic settings (Marsh, 2002; Johnson, 2006). Consequently, despite the fact that interpretivists despite everything attempt to be objective and precise in their examination, the key standard in interpretivist epistemology is legitimacy. The supported research configuration is ethnography and the principle strategies are ones that assist scientists with understanding public activity from the perspective of those being considered, for example, unstructured perception, unstructured meetings and individual archives. Interpretivism has given an incredible study of a considerable lot of the underestimated thoughts of positivism that are generally utilized in human science and in other sociologies (Marsh, 2002). It has additionally impacted an entire field of research lighting up people groups regular daily existence encounters. In any case, interpretivists accounts are censured by certain sociologists for not giving testable theories that can be assessed. This can prompt relativism where one hypothesis, or study, is viewed as similar ly on a par with some other. Authenticity Pragmatist hypothesis, similar to positivism, holds that human science can, and should, follow the rationale and strategies for the common sciences, in the interim, it varies from positivism in its translation of science (Hartwig, 2007; Hibberd, 2010). In positivist research, hypotheses are tried against perceptions and saw as evident or bogus or some place in the middle. In straightforward terms, the realities are the appointed authority of the hypothesis (Hibberd, 2010). Pragmatists don't make this understood cut partition since they don't accept that perceptions can be isolated from hypotheses (Parker, 2003; Hartwig, 2007). They contend that no type of science depends solely on perceptible exact proof. There are consistently parts of any type of reality that stay covered up underneath the outside of what can be watched (Duran, 2005; Hibberd, 2010). As per pragmatists, the point of logical work is to reveal the fundamental causal systems that realize noticeable regularities. Pragmatists see investigate being guided essentially by logical rules, for example, the deliberate assortment of proof, dependability and straightforwardness. Be that as it may, in light of the fact that the

6 Ways Nurses Can Stay Healthy During Flu Season

6 Ways Nurses Can Stay Healthy During Flu Season Odds are, the clinic or office you work at expects you to get your influenza shot. In any case, some of the time even that isn't sufficient. Here are 6 progressively precaution estimates you can take to shield yourself from becoming ill this season. 1. Treat Your Body Like a TempleJunk food isn't your companion. Red Bull and french fries and Snickers bars may get you through a move, however they won’t get you through influenza season. Attempt to eat more beneficial (and make a point to incorporate products of the soil!) so your body gets the nutrients and minerals it needs to ward things off. What's more, stay hydrated!2. Get Some SleepYou’re staying at work past 40 hours and the time off you do have is brimming with occasion action. Try to rest so a lot and as well as could reasonably be expected so you don’t need to lose work time or play time.3. Be Travel SmartStay hydrated and help your nutrient admission. Convey Airborne or Zicam or Emergen-C and a bundle of cleaning wipes on planes and prepares and transports so you don’t get any germs.4. Be VigilantStart to get a wheeze or a sniffle? Feel somewhat throbbing? Stop what you’re doing and deal with yourself. Take your nutrients, get some rest, drink loads of liquids. Use hand sanitizer frequently. Get a humidifier. On the off chance that you’re proactive enough, you can take influenza off at the start.5. Get CleanClean your kitchen and washroom normally. Be that as it may, don’t neglect to likewise sanatize the things you convey with you, similar to your mobile phone or your keys. A couple of disinfectant wipes will do a great deal of good in battling off the military of germs. Also, on the off chance that you do become ill, make sure to change your toothbrush.6. Be an EnforcerYou’re a medical caretaker, so you’re a hand washing and cleaning expert. However, the remainder of your family presumably isn’t. Jump on your soapbox and ensure eve rybody you love is following similar rules. No debilitated individuals getting ready food! Use tissues to wheeze! Wash hands in the wake of hacking! Ensure your friends and family and secure yourself.

5 Simple Steps to Writing a Successful Cover Letter

5 Simple Steps to Writing a Successful Cover Letter A cover letter can be the first thing the prospective employer looks at when you apply for a job. While hiring managers tend to spend more time analysing the resume, you can’t just write your cover letter as a side thought. If you can’t capture the imagination of the employer with your cover letter, it’s unlikely they are going to even look at your resume.So, how to write a successful cover letter? The process isn’t rocket science â€" indeed, you just need to take the following five simple steps to succeed. STEP 1: RESEARCH THE JOB LISTING AND THE COMPANYThe most important thing is to tailor your cover letter to the job posting. You don’t want to use a generic letter that you just send to different employers and recruitment agencies â€" a unique and tailored cover letter is always the key to a successful job application.Therefore, the first step of writing a cover letter is all about research. You need to examine the job posting and the organization to ensure you can focus on the right points in your cover letter. This will ensure your cover letter is on-point and answers the question “Why should we hire you?” better.Start your research with the job listing. You want to create a list of qualities and characteristics the employer is looking for and a sense of the kind of responsibilities you would have as part of the job.You can write a simple list of those qualities you find. For example, below is an example of a job posting with the important qualities and keywords highlighted, e .g.:We’re looking for an account director with at least four years of marketing experience, and with the following skills and qualifications:Success in leading a teamBusiness-minded with a comprehensive understanding of financial managementAdvanced communication skills, including experience in public speakingA people person who likes to create new connections and maintain relationshipsExpertise in new media, including social media and online marketingKnowledge of CRM softwareA creative thinker with the ability to think outside the box and conjure fresh ideasNotice how the above example doesn’t include the point about CRM software as something to highlight. This is because knowledge such as that â€" or proficiency in MS Word and so on â€" are better mentioned in the resume. As you’ll see later, the cover letter is better for sharing your skills rather than your work positions or education, for example.You can then expand your investigation to the organization as a whole. You’ re not just applying for a special job position but to be a representative of a specific organization. Therefore, it’s important you understand what the company is trying to achieve and what kind of values it holds.The best place to find this information is the company website. You can often find the company mission statement and vision somewhere under the ‘About’ section. They might even talk about their business values on the website. Note any specific words that come up and the kind of values you see coming through the paragraphs and pages.You could also check out any social media platforms the business has and see if you can get an idea of the values. Job profiles and employee profiles on LinkedIn might also help you get a clearer idea of what it might be like to work for the company and therefore, what kind of values the organization has.STEP 2: CHOOSE YOUR BEST QUALITIESNow that you have a clear understanding of what the employer is looking for, you can start thinking ab out how you match with them. You want to start by outlining your qualifications and characteristics. Focus on finding examples of the skills and qualifications the employer is looking for. In essence, look at yourself in the light of the job. How would you fit the role?Your list might look rather extensive at this point. However, the cover letter is not meant to talk about everything. You want to focus on the most appealing skills and those that highlight your potential value to the organization. So, when you are selecting the best skills and qualities to talk about in your cover letter your focus should be on:Finding what experience, skills and accomplishments in your past best fit what the company is looking for.Exploring your skills, as you can always talk about work experience and positions more on your resume.You can choose five qualities the employer is looking for. The five skills you think are the most important in succeeding in the job. You then want to match those five ski lls with your example â€" you want to create simple sentences about situations or things that highlight you having that special quality.For example, if you look at the job posting above, you might pick communication skills and the experience of public speaking as one skill to talk about. You could then write an example of how you manifest this quality. Perhaps something like this:“I have spoken twice at the Official Graduation Ceremony at University XYZ and I’ve been a debate moderator for the Debating society for past three years.”“I have studied drama in my free time for three years, which has given me great stage presence and tools to communicate effectively.”STEP 3: WRITE ABOUT YOUR VALUE TO THE COMPANYNow you have an understanding of what the company is looking for and the unique skills and qualifications you have to match that. It’s time to start writing your cover letter with the focus staying on the value you offer to the company.The key is to not just write abou t your skills but to present them in a valuable light to the organization. You’re not just boasting about your talent. You are explaining to the hiring manager why you’d be valuable person to the team because of these skills and past accomplishments.You can start writing by thinking about what the company is looking for. Keep in mind the company mission and its values. While examining these, answer the questions with statements:How do I fit into the company mission and the values? What in my experience, skills and qualifications would make me a good fit?How can I help the company achieve that mission sooner? What in my experience, skills and qualifications would help achieve the mission?How do my experiences translate to the company’s (and my) successes in the future? What in your past shows you’d succeed in the future as well?Here are a few examples sentences you could use as part of your cover letter:“In my current role as Marketing Manager, I’ve been able to increase the client base by 5%.”“My previous experience in copywriting has resulted in industry awards and I believe I would be a valuable addition to your copywriting team.”“As part of my studies, I’ve taken courses on industrial marketing which would help me in the position.”STEP 4: INCLUDE A CALL TO ACTIONBy now, you will have a strong core to your cover letter. You’ve explained your most impressive skills and achievements and how they translate to success in the role in question. You would have shown how valuable you could be to the organization and how you can help them achieve their objectives sooner.At the end of the letter, you need to take agency about the process. The problem in many cover letters is the lack of action â€" candidates often create a job application, send it and then wait for the reply. This is a wrong approach, as you want to stay active even when the decision is technically out of your hands. The more engaged you are, the more it shows how enthusiasti c you are about the role.Therefore, at the end of the letter, you need to include a call to action. This highlights your passion for the role and shows a willingness to go the extra mile in order to get a chance to prove you’re the right candidate for the role.What would a good cover letter call to action look like? You definitely want to offer to either meet the person or to call them at a specific date to discuss your application and role. You don’t necessarily have to wait for them to reply to this call to action but you want to be courteous about it.Therefore, propose to call them in two days and perhaps mention even the time of day you’d be making the call. This allows the person to prepare for the call or respond back to you and propose another time.Here are a few examples of good call to actions to include in your cover letter:“I hope to speak with you and will call you…”“I will be available to meet on…, and will call you prior to organise the meeting.”“Th e opportunity to meet with you to discuss my application would be much appreciated. With this in mind, I will call you…”STEP 5: EDIT AND PROOFREAD YOUR COVER LETTERFinally, you need to start editing and proofreading your cover letter. The above steps have provided you with a great cover letter to work with. But you can’t just write it down and send it â€" it’s important to refine your points and to ensure you’re not making obvious grammar mistakes.First, start your editing by picking a good format. Here’s a great standard format you can use as you write the cover letter:Begin by mentioning the role and the organization. Include any referral worthy of mentioning. It can also be a good idea to find out how you found out about the role.Use the second paragraph to why your qualifications make you a good candidate for the role. Make sure you don’t list the same things you mention in the resume.In the third paragraph, dig deeper into why the company would benefit from having you on the team. What are the skills you have that would translate into success and which set you apart from the rest of the applicants?Finish with a call to action and thank for the opportunity. Show enthusiasm and mention your contact details.Pay attention to the small, yet important, details when you are writing your cover letter. You want to ensure you are:Addressing the right person â€" You shouldn’t ever start a cover letter with ‘To Whom It May Concern’ but go ahead and find out who is the hiring manager who will read your letter. If it’s not available on the job posting, then check out the company website. You might even call the company’s HR department and ask whom your job application should be addressed to. If you know someone within the company who could give you a reference, you definitely want to mention them in the cover letter.Including all of your (correct) contact details â€" Include as many contact details as possible. This means you should have your ad dress, your phone number (including mobile if that’s the best way to reach you), and your e-mail. If you’re sending a digital version, a link to your LinkedIn profile can be a good addition. Furthermore, if you use professional social media accounts, then link to these as well.Using proper language â€" This means following a proper business etiquette. Include the right greeting and sign off your letter with a common statement, such as ‘Yours sincerely”. Don’t use slang words and pay attention to the grammar.Talking of grammar, you need to spend enough time proofreading your cover letter at the end. Nothing gets your job application rejected quicker than spelling mistakes or improper use of language. It doesn’t give a good impression of you if you can’t write properly!The below YouTube video by The Business Writing Channel has great tips for improving your proofreading. The tips are for general business writing but you can easily apply them to your job application too. As an additional tip, have someone else check out your cover letter. This is not just to point out any mistakes you might have made but to also give you tips for improving the content.You can ask them feedback in terms of how well you’ve aligned your skills with those required for the job and whether you’ve left out something they feel you should have mentioned.THE ROAD TO A SUCCESSFUL COVER LETTERThe above five steps are not rocket science because creating the perfect job application is not impossible. You can perfect your cover letter and resume if you just do your research and take your time.It all boils down to tailoring your cover letter. You have to ensure you understand what the employer is looking for and how your talent and skills can help the employer achieve its vision. You need to showcase your enthusiasm and value to the organization and remember you’re also sending a resume â€" your cover letter can’t and shouldn’t tell everything there is to your story.So, s tart your journey to a successful cover letter by taking the above five steps. You will end up with a concise and great cover letter every time.

Police Operations - 780 Words

Police Operations Paper Jessica Eley Todd Larson CJA/214 9/6/11 In the early 1900 policing made up of two basic functions patrolling and investigating crimes. Patrol officers patrolled the areas mainly on foot requiring direct contact with the community they served. The detectives investigated illegal gambling operations and corruption. Looking into modern policing dangers in the job is a primary concern and how to improve measures for the safety of the officers. The Taser is a less than lethal weapon used to stop individuals without fatally wounding them. The use of modern technology in today’s policing has become widespread in securing Americas borders and every day policing duties. In policing there are applications†¦show more content†¦Police workers experience various tasks, interpersonal and physical demands during police operations that the majority of ordinary people never come across at their work or in their families. These requirements and stressors negatively influence a physical and psychological condition that ma y lead to more serious physical or mental damage or interruption role and physical demands for policemen can develop a condition of constant overload called hyper stress. Typically, the number of queries concerns and emergency calls exceeds the time assigned to a particular police worker. Therefore, not only is the quality of the time given to each separate case and that’s why each case at risk, the mental and physical condition of the police worker is in jeopardy. Regarding investigators, they experience heavy caseloads for which they are expected to follow prescribed case management criteria. Also, they find themselves within very limited time framework set by prosecutors who may keep them under the pressure to finish the process as fast as they possibly can, so that the case can reach the trial. 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The Ethical Dilemmas of Genetic Testing for Huntingtons...

The Ethical Dilemmas of Genetic Testing for Huntingtons Disease INTRODUCTION Huntingtons Disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder (Walker, 2007 and Harmon, 2007). The gene that causes the disease is located on the fourth chromosome and causes an abnormal number of repeats in the patients genetic code (Harmon, 2007). Huntingtons Disease can have devastating effects on patients quality of life. The first symptoms of HD generally start between the ages of 30 and 45 and patients are typically asymptomatic prior to this time (Terrenoire, 1992 and Walker, 2007). However, the disease progresses with subtle changes in motor control, personality, and cognition. Patients eventually develop distinct†¦show more content†¦However, confidentiality rights also protect the patients health information and right to privacy. Another issue that arises concerns the confidentiality of HD diagnoses with relation to insurance companies. 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While the current consensus amongst medical professionals is that such testing should beRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Genetic Testing2082 Words   |  9 Pagessaid, genetic testing is now available to essentially anyone. While genetic testing may put us a great advantage scientifically, it could also be a set-back . Genetic testing is really helpful in medical circumstances but in situations where a person just wants to know what their genes say about them, it can cause unnecessary stress on a family and give families information they are not able to accept or interpret. A new and growing trend in the medical field right now is genetic testing. TestingRead MoreWhat Is Genetic Sequencing?2598 Words   |  11 PagesWhat is Genetic Sequencing? â€Å"If you could skip to the last chapter in your book of life would you read it†? This is a common question asked to most people while they are growing up. Everyone always viewed this question in a figurative sense and it made them ponder their future. However, with genomic sequencing this question has become a real dilemma for doctors in the health profession. Imagine that a sick baby enters into your office and you screen their genetic code for kidney disease in the processRead MoreGenetic Testing and Screening Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pagesscience and biotechnology are raising many ethical and moral dilemmas for everyone. No one will be left unaffected. Everyone will have to make a decision and take a stand on these issues. I will discuss advancements of genetic screening and testing. The first step to any ethical problem is to understand the topic. It is difficult to formulate accurate ideas without knowledge about the topic, so first I will provide a little backgrou nd information on genetic screening. I will then point out some ofRead MoreEssay on Analytical Summaries4643 Words   |  19 Pagesparticular genetic disease. The first article contains references to all three types of evidence discussed in this chapter. Compare the language used to depict direct experimentation, after-the-fact evidence, and values questions. Article 1 Predictive Probes by Jerry E. Bishop Several years ago, Nancy Wexler’s mother died of Huntington’s disease, a hereditary and always-fatal affliction that strikes in midlife. Since then, Ms. Wexler, the 38-year-old president of the Hereditary Diseases FoundationRead MoreAssisted Reproduction - 12056 Words   |  9 PagesA married couple wishes to have a child; however, the 32 year old mother knows that she is a carrier for Huntingtons disease (HD). HD is a genetic disorder that begins showing signs at anywhere from 35-45 years of age. Its symptoms begin with slow loss of muscle control and end in loss of speech, large muscle spasms, disorientation and emotional outbursts. After 15-20 years of symptoms HD ends in death. HD is a dominant disorder which means that her child will have a 50% chance of contracting theRead MorePros And Cons Of Genetic Engineering1662 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering is the process whereby new DNA is added or existing DNA is altered in an organism s genome. This may invol ve changing one base pair (A-T or C-G) or deleting entire sections of DNA or adding additional copies of a gene. This results in creating new traits that were not previously present in the organism’s genome. This is done to selectively breed desired traits or to create plants with increased resistance to pesticides and increased tolerance to herbicides. For example insulin

Research Paper on Organizational Structure Free Essays

I would like to start by saying that any corporate organizational structure depends on the product line and the industry in which the company operates. The companies belong to the continuum of either the functional or project organizations. Functional companies are organized around different technological processes. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Organizational Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now The top management of such organizations is responsible for the resource allocation, with the responsibility for the final output is not being tied to one single person. The use of rules and procedures, instructions, details and organizational traditions among the company’s management and workers is vital for the company’s functioning. The products belong to the high level of specialized knowledge which is created in this organizational structure (Matteson, 53). Light weight matrix organizations are functional and specialized. The product manager is usually added to this structure to coordinate the product creation and to serve as a liaison for the management-workers-customers. This new key person is used for collecting information, conflict resolution, and project objectives achievement. Product managers have less status and influence than functional managers, namely because they do not directly contact workers (Hersey, 88). Heavy weight matrix organizations possess dominant project structure and minor functional departments. The company’s product manager than possesses greater reasonability while the manufacturing, and marketing concepts are present in this organization (Berger, 144). Project organizations are located on the other end of the spectrum and have the following features: teams and projects. The project workers share the same location and concentrate on the same projects. The professional workers, on the other hand are supposed to have broader tasks and associated skills and responsibilities. In the project organizations the functional managers are responsible for the human resource development and technological implementation in the functional groups. The companies can also be classified according to the nature of their business and project undertaken. The projects can be characterized by the number of employees involved to perform numerous tasks, the workload on each employee. One can also classify the organizations in the following 4 categories: I. The company’s product is not complex and comprehensible for a single person, thus one person is likely to have enough knowledge to produce it. The companies that develop these kinds of products (shoes, clothes industry) usually have small development department. If this company has more than one individual department, then it usually structured as a functional organization as noted earlier in the essay – research paper (Matteson, 57). II. The company’s product is of low complexity, yet the total work is high. Such products, therefore, can be developed most efficiently within one functional department. A research department is usually the very department where this type of product is created. AS the company starts to have more departments, it would usually use the light weight matrix organizational structure to enjoy efficiency. The employees involved in this product creation are expected to work full time, and many tasks are expected to be performed simultaneously which contribute to the overall sequence design to be called Design Structure matrix (Hersey, 92). III. The company’s product is of high complexity of intangible, tangible, or mechanical nature. This kind of product is still in the engineering phase, making it rather clear what needs to be done to get the product into mass production and distribution. One should use numerous skills and disciplines to create this product, and these tasks do not have high workload. It is almost impossible to cause the employees to work fulltime on the very one product, thus creating the ‘job shop’ logistics situation (Schermerhorn 120). One should not forget that manufacturing and product development is not accepted by all product managers, it still usually yield decent result. The Product development process is constantly learnt and improved to remove bottlenecks and reduce the product variation. One should focus on the process rather than on the list of tasks and duties. This type of organizational structure has to follow the following three laws (Berger, 147): a. Taking smaller steps at one time usually boosts quality and effectiveness. b. Elimination of bottlenecks drastically improves productivity and efficiency. c. Elimination of variation will remove delays and distractions and thus will free some of the corporate resources. It is of importance to note that cross functional simultaneously run engineering squads is the common practice for the product development in such organizations. It would be a mistake to assign the same person to 5-6 different projects because it would result in congestion. One should not forget that by working at 100% of the product development capacity will increase the product development lead. Thus, one should deploy about 80% of the product development capacity and focus on the bottlenecks. IV. The company’s product is very complex while the total work is high. These kinds of organizations require their workers to work full time and the project organizational structure would be ideal for this very situation (Matteson, 59). Speaking about the company’s strategies that are vital for the corporate survival in the long run, one should remember that they would also depend on the corporate structure and thus would be broken down into three main categories of strategies that promote corporate values, corporate culture, corporate goals, and corporate missions (Hersey, 94): Corporate level strategy encompasses all strategies and sets the company’s mission and general guidelines. Functional strategies comprise Marketing strategies, financing strategies, and the strategies of each department participating in the given product development depending on the organizational structure. The focus in on mid and short term. One should remember that many companies would find it useful to use strategic business units rather than functional structure of organization to derive competitive advantage and thus govern the semi-autonomous units of organization that have their own budgeting, product development, hiring etc. Operational strategy is located on the lowest level of each organization simply because it is very narrow in focus and has daily scheduling criteria. This strategy obeys the higher level strategies present within the organization and adhere to the Management by Objectives principles (Berger, 150). Management by objectives (MBO), one should note, is the systematic scientific approach that allows the existing companies to focus on the attainable goals to reduce the costs and with the improved efficiency survive the competition. The MBO focuses on results, rather than on the process. The MBO would delegate tasks by dictating the proper final result without the detailed roadmap of how to achieve that. MBO strives to assure that everyone in the company has clear goals and objectives that coincide with the company’s goals and then by empowering others will have the goals achieved. One should still remember that MBO can fit only the knowledge-based companies. How to cite Research Paper on Organizational Structure, Essays

Partnership Analysis Implementation Microsoft and Intel

The collaboration between Microsoft and Intel is one of the most lucrative business partnerships in the last twenty years. The relationship between the two companies was very convenient because of the type of products that the companies produce (Ungson, 2008). Microsoft is the largest producer of computer software while Intel is one of the largest manufacturers of computer CPUs and electronic chips (Rainer, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Partnership Analysis Implementation: Microsoft and Intel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The operating system from Microsoft has been instrumental in enhancing a low cost of computation. Microsoft had to find a business partner that would help in realizing its vision of providing people with a low cost of computation. Intel is widely known for producing affordable computer hardware and therefore the company became an ideal partner for Microsoft (Ungson, 2008). The partnership between Microsoft and Intel has been very successful because of the products that the two companies produce. The products produced by the two companies complement each other because they are sold as single package. Intel produces CPUs and other computer hardware while Microsoft produces the software that is needed to run the hardware (Schooley, 2007). Computer hardware can not work without software and vice versa. This paper will discuss the rationale behind inter-organizational partnerships in industry information systems and how the systems are used to define and support partnerships. Microsoft has the highest stake in its partnership with Intel and it is estimated that the partnership has a market capitalization of $400 billion (Ungson, 2008). It is this successful partnership that attracted IBM to choose the two companies when it launched its first personal computer. This is not to mean that there were no other companies that would have provided the much needed s oftware and CPUs. Microsoft has been facing a lot of competition from the Digital Research Company for a very long time. Microsoft and Intel have continued to dominate their respective industries as a result of their association with IBM (Ungson, 2008). The need to dominate the computer industry was the rationale behind the partnership between Microsoft and Intel. The partnership between Microsoft and Intel has been experiencing some challenges in recent years because customers have been reluctant in accepting Microsoft products (Ungson, 2008). The two companies started with some weak technologies but got stronger after the partnerships. Microsoft has for many years been criticized for its offensive business tactics.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are accusations from different quarters that Microsoft has been abusing its monopoly power (Waters, 2007). The pa rtnership between Microsoft and Intel was commonly referred to as Wintel since Windows could only run Intel CPUs. It is this kind of monopoly that enabled the two companies to enjoy a lot of profits (Waters, 2007). The users had no option but to purchase computer products produced by the two companies. It is this kind of benefits that made this partnership to be successful. The two companies collaborate in terms of sales, services and engineering systems which make it necessary for the companies to have an inter-organizational partnership in industry information systems (Truman, 2000). Microsoft and Intel collaborate to provide IT solutions to their customers. The companies have joint roadmaps and other integrated features that justify their need to partner in industry information systems (Truman, 2000). Microsoft and Intel have an objective of providing the most relevant and effective IT infrastructure for users (Truman, 2000). This can not be achieved without having a partnership in industry information systems. The need to provide fast and efficient software to customers is the reason behind Microsoft’s decision to partner with Intel especially when it comes to industry information systems (Schooley, 2007). Inter-organizational partnerships in industry information systems have become very essential in modern business. Microsoft operates in a very competitive environment that requires companies to have reliable, flexible and efficient information systems (Ungson, 2008). Organizations that are in a business partnership need to relate in a way that benefits customers and the companies involved (Murphy, 2008). This can only be achieved through an inter-organizational system. The partnership between Microsoft and Intel has been defined and supported in a great way by the inter-organizational system. Microsoft and Intel are linked in the market because they depend on each other to sell their products (Truman, 2000). Microsoft and Intel have benefited in a great way through the inter-organizational system because the partnership improved communication between the two companies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Partnership Analysis Implementation: Microsoft and Intel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The companies are able to give the best services to their clients and customers because of the efficiency introduced by the inter-organizational system (Waters, 2007). Inter-organizational systems are very instrumental in supporting business partnerships between two organizations (Murphy, 2008). The partnership between Microsoft and Intel has been the most lucrative one in recent years because of an inter-organizational system. An inter-organizational system improves supply chain management which is very critical in any kind of business partnership. Businesses that are in a partnership require an efficient communication network that ensures that clients and cus tomers get products and services within the required time. The delivery of products and services to customers by two businesses that are in a partnership requires an interconnected communication network (Khosrowpour, 2006). Automation is one the key elements of an inter-organizational system that ensures fast and efficient service delivery. Apart from making profits, the other objective of the partnership between Microsoft and Intel is quality service delivery. An inter-organizational information system brings efficiency in supply chain management (Jones, 1998). Inter-organizational systems facilitate an exchange of technology between two companies (Dye, 2008). This is inevitable because an inter-organizational system can not be run without technology. Computer programs and the internet are normally used to facilitate communication between two companies. Data storage and interpretation is part of a business partnership and can only be efficient through the use of modern information systems (Dye, 2004). The process of sending and receiving messages is very important in a business partnership and therefore the use of intelligent technologies benefits both companies. Microsoft and Intel use new technologies in their inter-organizational systems which are of great benefit to both companies. The discoveries made by one company in an inter-organizational system are normally shared by partners and this encourages the designers in both companies to come up with new technologies that can make the system better (Frambach, 2002).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The technologies used in inter-organizational systems define and support business partnerships (Frambach, 2002). Microsoft and Intel have benefited in a great way from their partnership because of a wide range of technologies that the two companies share in their inter-organizational system. Inter-organizational systems bring the power of numbers that makes organizations within a business partnership to be very competitive (Eom, 2005). Every market requires a healthy competition and inter-organizational systems that provide the much needed competitiveness. Business partnerships with effective inter-organizational systems are very efficient when it comes to service delivery and supply chain management (Dye, 2008). The many advantages that are offered by inter-organizational systems encourage other organizations to form such partnerships (Eom, 2005). In order for the general public to enjoy better services and prices, the market must have a healthy competition. Companies can only come up with better products and services if there is competition within the market (Dye, 2008). The partnership between Microsoft and Intel enabled the companies to remain relevant in a very competitive market for a very long time. Companies such as Motorola, Linux, and Digital Research were forced to enter into inter-organizational system partnerships for them to catch up with Microsoft and Intel (D’Amours, 1999). Global communication is very essential in modern business partnerships and this can only be facilitated by inter-organizational system partnerships (Chwelos, 2001). Microsoft and Intel have an inter-organizational system at the global level that enables them to increase their productivity because they learn new tactics from each other. An inter-organizational system with a wider communication network has the capacity to provide services and products to customers across the world (Chandrashekar, 1999). A global communication network requires a lot of resources to be im plemented and only stable companies like Microsoft and Intel are in a good position to do that. Inter-organizational systems enable the companies involved to reduce their business risks. An inter-organizational system has the capacity to monitor all business aspects which ensures that operational, financial and safety risks are at a minimum level (Damsgaard, 2004). Business partnerships are defined and supported by accountability that can be a great challenge without an inter-organizational system in place. Inter-organizational systems reduce the time taken to complete a business transaction because it compresses operational time cycles (Damsgaard, 2004). It has been proven that business partnerships with an inter-organizational system record low operational costs because of minimum routines. Inter-organizational systems eliminate manual processes that are normally responsible for the many errors in business transactions. Clients and customers find it easy to access valuable informa tion from business partnerships with an inter-organizational system (Angeles, 2000). The process of planning and implementing an inter-organizational system has got some success factors that need to be considered (Angeles, 2000). To begin with, the system should facilitate information flow in all the companies involved in a business partnership (Ungson, 2008). The other success factor of inter-organizational systems is cost reduction. Companies in a business partnership share some of the operational costs through an inter-organizational system (Ungson, 2008). It is important to consider the cost factor at the planning stage as a way of minimizing any kind of financial risks. An inter-organizational system should enable companies to deliver products and services to all customers wherever they are regardless of distance (Ungson, 2008). The communication and delivery network in an inter-organizational system should be able to cover the majority of areas with potential clients and custo mers. Global coverage is a common trend with multinational companies (Waters, 2007). It is important to note that an inter-organizational system should enhance operational and transactional efficiency for it to be considered successful (Waters, 2007). The people in charge of planning and executing an inter-organizational system should ensure that all the technologies used to build the system are efficient and of high quality (Waters, 2007). An effective system eliminates all the errors that are associated with information flow. Successful inter-organizational systems should enable users to process and transfer information without any difficulty (Waters, 2007). System users should access and operate it without much struggle. It is important to ensure that all the components of an inter-organizational system which include, messaging systems, shared databases, extranets and electronic data interchange systems are properly secured (Truman, 2000). All security measures should be put in p lace during the planning and execution of such an important project to guarantee success. The data interchange and messaging systems carry very sensitive information that should only be accessed by authorized people (Waters, 2007). An inter-organizational system brings a lot of positive changes to an organization and therefore all the critical success factors should be considered in the planning and execution of such an important project (Truman, 2000). There are some lessons that one can learn from the implementation of Microsoft’s inter-organizational project (Tuite, 2007). The first lesson is that such a project has got its benefits and disadvantages. Some of the benefits include an increase in sales and operational efficiency while some of the advantages include the high cost of setting up the system and customization of standards (Waters, 2007). Inter-organizational systems can not succeed if there is no trust between or among partners. Trust is the most fundamental aspe ct of any kind of partnership. Observing all the contractual agreements is a sign of faithfulness in a business partnership (Tuite, 2007). The other vital lesson learnt from this project is the importance of having all the necessary checks and balances that can be used to prevent any kind of mischief. Companies should not stop improving and marketing their products just because of an inter-organizational system (Waters, 2007). The modern business world is very competitive and the ability of a company to come up with quality products and services is what guarantees success. An inter-organizational system is only meant to provide the right platform for a company to sell its products (Eom, 2005). The other lesson to be noted is that an organization should not enter into any partnership that can not improve its current situation (Eom, 2005). Organizations whose products and systems are compatible form the best partnerships like the Microsoft and Intel case. There is no organization that is self sufficient when it comes to operational resources and therefore inter-organizational systems are vital for any organization that wants to be successful (Eom, 2005). Organizations in a business partnership should be flexible enough to shift their strategies incase an inter-organizational system does not bring the expected results. The other vital lesson from this project is that too much interdependence between organizations in a business partnership is not good for their future development (Chwelos, 2001). The power of big organizations can be limited because the interdependence in inter-organizational systems affects the power structure. The design management plays a very important role in the organizational changes that are brought about by the implementation of an inter-organizational system (Chwelos, 2001). The design management ensures that an IT infrastructure is put in place to support an inter-organizational system. The Design management plays a critical role in sec uring all the systems. The changes that are brought about by inter-organizational systems are supposed to be managed in the best way possible for them to have an impact on the organization (Jones, 1998). The design management evaluates user needs to ensure that the system to be put in place is functional and efficient (Tuite, 2007). The design management prepares the budget for information systems implementation by ensuring the systems are cost-effective. The design management has to plan and schedule all the necessary upgrades that are required to facilitate an inter-organizational system. The design management provides the support advisory services to the implementation team (Jones, 1998). The other role of design management is to ensure that a company adheres to all software licensing laws and specifications. The design management is supposed to solve all the problems that arise during system implementation (Rainer, 2010). In conclusion, inter-organizational systems are very impo rtant in improving efficiency in service delivery. Organizations that are in a business partnership need to relate in an organized way to ensure that customers receive quality services (Eom, 2005). The partnership between Microsoft and Intel is a perfect example of how an inter-organizational system can benefit organizations. Inter-organizational systems are very instrumental in supporting business partnerships between two organizations (Eom, 2005). An inter-organizational system with a wider communication network has the capacity to offer services and products to customers across the world. Businesses that are in a partnership require an efficient communication network that ensures that clients and customers get products and services within the required time (Rainer, 2010). Business partnerships are defined and supported by accountability that can be a great challenge without an inter-organizational system. It is important to note that an inter-organizational system should enhance operational and transactional efficiency for it to be considered successful (Handfield, 2002). It is important to ensure that all the components of an inter-organizational system which include messaging systems, shared databases, extranets and electronic data interchange systems are secured. References Angeles, R. (2000). Revisiting the role of internet-EDI in the current electronic scene. Logistics Information Management, 13(1), 45-57. Chandrashekar, A. (1999). Toward the virtual supply chain: The convergence of IT and organization. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 10(2), 27-39. Chwelos, P. (2001). Research report: Empirical test of an EDI adoption model. Information Systems Research, 12(1), 304-21. D’Amours, S. (1999). Networked manufacturing: The impact of information sharing. International Journal of Production Economics, 58(1), 63-79. Damsgaard, J. (2004). Networked information technologies: Diffusion and adoption. New York, NY: Springer. Dye, E. (2008) . Antecedents to implementation of inter-organizational systems. New York, NY: Molde University College. Eom, S. (2005). Inter-organizational formation system in the internet age. New York, NY: Idea Group Inc. Frambach, R. (2002). Organizational innovation adoption: a multi-level framework of determinants and opportunities for future research. Journal of Business Research, 55(2), 163-76. Handfield, R. (2002). Supply chain redesign: Transforming supply chains into integrated value systems. New York, NY: FT Press. Jones, M. (1998). Towards the development of measures of perceived benefits and compatibility of EDI: a comparative assessment of competing first order factor models. European Journal of information systems, 7(3), 210-20. Khosropour, M. (2006). Cases on strategic information systems. London: Idea Group Inc. Murphy, B. (2008). Tell me thy company: Inter-organizational relations in the United Nations system. London: ProQuest. Rainer, K. (2010). Introduction to information syst ems: Enabling and transforming business. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Schooley, B. (2007). Inter-organizational systems to improve time-critical public services: The case of emergency medical services. New York, NY: Claremont Graduate University. Truman, G. (2000). Integration in electronic exchange environments. Journal of Management Information Systems, 17(1), 209-45. Tuite, M. (2007). Inter-organizational decision making. New York, NY: Transaction Publishers. Ungson, G. (2008). Global strategic management. New York, NY: M.E Sharpe. Waters, C. (2007). Global logistics: New direction in supply chain management. New York, NY: Kogan Page Publishers. This research paper on Partnership Analysis Implementation: Microsoft and Intel was written and submitted by user Jaylee Francis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.